M.N Baco, 'Fertilizer micro-dosing and rain water harvesting: integrated practices for more income and food security in Sahelian farmer's households', Enhancing Food Production, Gender Equality and Nutritional Security in a Changing World. University of Alberta, 30 April - 2 May, p.1, 2014

Harsh climate, characterized by low and erratic precipitation patterns, droughts, and poor soil fertility decrease cereal production in Sub-saharan Africa. Considering that soils in semi-arid west Africa are highly weathered with very low nutrient reserves, long-term sustainability of fertilizer microdosing techniques need to be studied. Research indicates that rain water harvesting (RWH) alone can increase yields of cereal crops by 30 – 50 % in semi-arid areas, due to reduced runoff and enhanced infiltration by RWH structures. Combined with micro-dosing technology, plus better access to credit, there is a high potential for farmers to address issues of poverty and food insecurity.

Fungal growth on solid foods can make them unfit for human consumption, but certain specialty foods require fungi to produce their characteristic properties. In either case, a reliable way of measuring biomass is needed to study how various factors (e.g. water activity) affect fungal growth rates on these substrates. Biochemical markers such as chitin, glucosamine or ergosterol have been used to estimate fungal growth, but they cannot distinguish between individual species in mixed culture. In this study, a real-time polymerase chain reaction (rt-PCR) protocol specific for a target fungal species was used to quantify its DNA while growing on solid food. The measured amount of DNA was then related to the biomass present using an experimentally determined DNA-to-biomass ratio. The highly sensitive rt-PCR biomass assay was found to have a wide range, able to quantify the target DNA within a six orders-of-magnitude difference. The method was used to monitor germination and growth of Penicillium chrysogenum spores on a model porous food (cooked wheat flour) at 25°C and different water activities of 0.973, 0.936, and 0.843. No growth was observed at 0.843, but lag, exponential and stationary phases were identified in the growth curves for the higher water activities. The calculated specific growth rates (μ) during the exponential phase were almost identical, at 0.075/h and 0.076/h for aw=0.973 and 0.936, respectively. The specificity of the method was demonstrated by measuring the biomass of P. chrysogenum while growing together with Aspergillus niger on solid media at aw=0.973.

This paper is based on a review of experiences with a wide range of micro- agricultural water management technologies in Sub-Saharan Africa with a special emphasis on southern Africa. The major finding of the study is that these technologies have the potential to make major contributions to improving food security, reducing rural poverty and promoting broad-based agricultural growth. However, there are serious policy impediments to successfully scaling out the use of these technologies at both national and regional levels. The paper makes seven specific policy recommendations whose implementation would enable promotion of wider uptake | Douglas J. Merrey, Hilmy Sally, 'Micro-agricultural water management technologies for food security in southern Africa: part of the solution or a red herring?', 2014

Food security, sustainable agriculture and forestry, marine and maritime and inland water research and the bioeconomy.

To satisfy the growing demand for electricity, Ethiopia plans to increase its electricity production five-fold between 2010 and 2015, mainly through the construction of dams. A literature review shows that while dams can boost power and agricultural production, promote economic development, and facilitate flood control, they can also lead to environmental, ecological, and socioeconomic changes. Several case studies show that dams may alter the composition and density of vectors and intermediate host species, increase the incidence of malaria schistosomiasis and possibly lymphatic filariasis, and lead to eutrophication of reservoirs, soil erosion, and earthquakes. There is evidence that dams and commercial irrigation schemes can increase soil and water degradation, vulnerability to drought, and food insecurity in riverine and lacustrine areas downstream of dams. It appears that dams in Ethiopia are also vulnerable to high soil erosion rates and earthquakes. Consequently, the current and proposed large-scale dam construction program in Ethiopia requires in-depth research to improve our understanding of the unintended negative effects of projects and to guide the location, design, and implementation of appropriate preventive and remedial programs.

Oil-water separation technology contributes to reduce the initial cost and running cost of the facilities for wastewater treatment, and reuse the recovered oil as valuable resources, such as edible oil under sanitalization equipment in food factory, material for biofuel or automobile tire. Using Value Function and Separative Work Unit (SWU) of separation engineering for the oil-water separation technology in the food processing factory, Naoetsu-Yushi Co. Ltd. Japan, economical advantage of the separation technology was clarified from the viewpoint of reducing the initial cost and running cost of the facilities for wastewater treatment, and reusing the recovered oil.

The present study investigates the effects of water temperature on digestive enzymes activity and food transit time in Caspian kutum (Rutilus kutum) larvae. Caspian kutum larvae (532 ± 0.05 and 543 ± 0.02 mg) were divided into two groups with three replicates and reared at different water temperature i.e. 25.6 ± 0.4°C (T1) and 18.4 ± 0.1°C (T2). At the end of the experiment, sampling of intestine was performed at 0, 1, 3, 5, 8, 16, 24 and 30 h after feeding from each treatment. In T2, food was observed until 24 h after feeding and the intestine was empty 29 h after feeding, while in T1 19 h after feeding the intestine was empty. Digestive enzymes activities were higher in T2 treatment. The peaks of trypsin and alkaline phosphatase enzymes activity were found 8 h after feeding in T1, while occurred 16 h after feeding in T2. The highest chymotrypsin and alpha-amylase enzymes activity were observed 5 and 8h after feeding in T1 and T2, respectively. These results confirmed remarkable effects of temperature on food transit time and digestive enzymes activity of Caspian kutum.

The present work aimed to determine the bioactive compounds in two rosemary water extracts (RWE1 and RWE2) and to assess their antimicrobial, anti‐adhesive and antibiofilm potentials against the food‐related Bacillus and Pseudomonas species at concentrations; 4, 8, 12, 16 and 20 mg mL⁻¹. Phenolic compounds and isoflavones in the RWEs were determined using HPLC. The concentrations of most bioactive compounds of RWE1 (benzoic, ellagic, gallic and rosmarinic acids, daidzein and genistein) were higher than that of RWE2. The MIC₉₀of RWE1 and RWE2 against all tested bacteria was 12 and 16 mg mL⁻¹, respectively. The anti‐adhesive and antibiofilm doses were higher than MIC₉₀. RWE1 and RWE2 showed potential reduction in the bacterial cell adhesion to HEp‐2 cells – 17.5–64.7 and 12.2–52.9%, respectively. In conclusion, this study emphasises the effective use of RWE as a natural anti‐adhesive and antibiofilm agent against Bacillus and Pseudomonas, without difficult extraction procedure.