The growth response of juvenile round gobies was tested in various salinities to assess the potential performance of the species in widely differing salinities in the Baltic Sea and adjacent waters. An experimental approach analysed the survival, daily food intake and growth of juvenile Neogobius melanostomus from the brackish water region of the Kiel Canal, Germany. Round gobies (TL = 61.5 ±5.3 mm; n = 40) were fed ad libitum (diet = mysid shrimp; energy content = 4.7 cal per mg dry weight) at salinity levels of 0.1, 7.5, 15 and 30 over 12 weeks. Two replicate tanks (125 × 30 × 30 cm; 100 L) were maintained for each salinity level, each holding five specimens at a mean temperature of 19.90°C (±0.64°C; n = 136). Survival at all levels was 100%, except for 0.1 with 90%. Mean daily food intake (% of body weight) increased from salinity level 0.1 to 15 (from 17.76% to 19.95%); specimens at level 30 showed a more diversified and lower mean food intake (18.44%). Mean cumulative body weight gain appeared greatest at a level of 7.5 (224.52%), closely followed by 0.1 (206.57%) and 15 (191.92%). In contrast, fish growth was significantly lower at a salinity level of 30 (100.57%). Results of the experiment indicate that salinity tolerance estimates of the round goby made by other authors are too low regarding specimens that stem from brackish habitats. Growth patterns of some specimens, even in the salinity 30 treatment, show that a further spread of this species into regions with higher salinities is quite possible.

The household survey was carried out in the Nile River Basin in Ethiopia. The household sampling frame in Ethiopia was developed to ensure representation for the Nile River Basin at the woreda (district) level regarding level of rainfall patterns in terms of both annual total and variation; the four classes of traditionally defined agro-ecological zones (AEZs) found in the basin; vulnerability of food production systems (through the proxy of frequency of food aid in the past ten years); and irrigation prevalence. All data used for the sample frame is from the Atlas of the Ethiopian Rural Economy (Benson et al., 2006).; Each woreda was classified based on : agroecological zone (Kolla, Weynadega, Dega, and Bereha), the percent of cultivated land under irrigation (no data, 0-2%, 2-4%, 4-8%, and 8% or greater), average annual rainfall (0-854mm, 854-1133mm, 1133-1413mm, 1413-1692mm, 1692mm or greater), rainfall variability (coefficient of variation for annual rainfall), and vulnerability (number of years of food aid received in the past 10 years). ;Twenty woredas were selected such that across each of the above dimensions the proportion falling into each class for the sample matched as closely as possible the proportions for the entire Ethiopian Nile basin. Peasant associations (administrative units lower than districts) were also purposely selected to include households that irrigate their farms. One peasant association was selected from every woreda for a total of 20 peasant associations. Random sampling was used in selecting 50 households from each peasant administration within the 20 woredas. Thus, the final dataset contains 1,000 observations from 20 woredas in 5 regional states in Ethiopia (Tigray, Amhara, Oromiya, Benishangul Gumuz, and Southern Nations Nationalities and Peoples (SNNP)). | The survey was conducted by the Ethiopian Development Research Institute (EDRI), in collaboration with the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Funding for the survey was provided by the Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (Germany). The project forms part of the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR)’s Challenge Program on Water and Food (CPWF).; Dataset Citation: Food and Water Security under Global Change: Developing Adaptive Capacity with a Focus on Rural Africa— Ethiopia Nile Basin Climate Change Adaptation dataset. 2010. Washington, D.C.: International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) (datasets).; Data file format(s): STATA, EXCEL; Principal contact: Yan Sun; Principal researcher: Claudia Ringler | EPTD | IFPRI1

The household survey was carried out in the Nile River Basin in Ethiopia. The household sampling frame in Ethiopia was developed to ensure representation for the Nile River Basin at the woreda (district) level regarding level of rainfall patterns in terms of both annual total and variation; the four classes of traditionally defined agro-ecological zones (AEZs) found in the basin; vulnerability of food production systems (through the proxy of frequency of food aid in the past ten years); and irrigation prevalence. All data used for the sample frame is from the Atlas of the Ethiopian Rural Economy (Benson et al., 2006).; Each woreda was classified based on : agroecological zone (Kolla, Weynadega, Dega, and Bereha), the percent of cultivated land under irrigation (no data, 0-2%, 2-4%, 4-8%, and 8% or greater), average annual rainfall (0-854mm, 854-1133mm, 1133-1413mm, 1413-1692mm, 1692mm or greater), rainfall variability (coefficient of variation for annual rainfall), and vulnerability (number of years of food aid received in the past 10 years). ;Twenty woredas were selected such that across each of the above dimensions the proportion falling into each class for the sample matched as closely as possible the proportions for the entire Ethiopian Nile basin. Peasant associations (administrative units lower than districts) were also purposely selected to include households that irrigate their farms. One peasant association was selected from every woreda for a total of 20 peasant associations. Random sampling was used in selecting 50 households from each peasant administration within the 20 woredas. Thus, the final dataset contains 1,000 observations from 20 woredas in 5 regional states in Ethiopia (Tigray, Amhara, Oromiya, Benishangul Gumuz, and Southern Nations Nationalities and Peoples (SNNP)). | IFPRI1 | EPTD | The survey was conducted by the Ethiopian Development Research Institute (EDRI), in collaboration with the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Funding for the survey was provided by the Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (Germany). The project forms part of the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR)’s Challenge Program on Water and Food (CPWF).; Dataset Citation: Food and Water Security under Global Change: Developing Adaptive Capacity with a Focus on Rural Africa— Ethiopia Nile Basin Climate Change Adaptation dataset. 2010. Washington, D.C.: International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) (datasets).; Data file format(s): STATA, EXCEL; Principal contact: Yan Sun; Principal researcher: Claudia Ringler

Garnier, Josette ... et. al.-- 21 pages, 5 figures, 2 tables | Phosphorus (P) plays a strategic role in agricultural production as well as in the occurrence of freshwater and marine eutrophication episodes throughout the world. Moreover, the scarcity and uneven distribution of minable P resources is raising concerns about the sustainability of long-term exploitation. In this paper we analyze the P cycle in anthropic systems with an original multiscale approach (world region, country, and large basin scales) in two contrasting world regions representative of different trajectories in socioeconomic development for the 1961–2009 period: Europe (EU-27)/France and the Seine River Basin, and Asia (ASEAN-8)/Vietnam and the Red River Basin. Our approach highlights different trends in the agricultural and food production systems of the two regions. Whereas crop production increased until the 1980s in Europe and France and has stabilized thereafter, in ASEAN-8 and Vietnam it began to increase in the 1980s and it is still rising today. These trends are related to the increasing use of fertilizers, although in European countries the amount of fertilizers sharply decreased after the 1980s. On average, the total P delivered from rivers to the sea is 3 times higher for ASEAN-8 (300 kg P km−2 yr−1) than for EU-27 countries (100 kg P km−2 yr−1) and is twice as high in the Red River (200 kg P km−2 yr−1) than in the Seine River (110 kg P km−2 yr−1), with agricultural losses to water in ASEAN-8 3 times higher than in EU-27. Based on the P flux budgets, this study discusses early warnings and management options according to the particularities of the two world regions, newly integrating the perspective of surface water quality with agricultural issues (fertilizers, crop production, and surplus), food/feed exchanges, and diet, defining the so-called water-agro-food system | The FIRE-FR3020 research federation is gratefully acknowledged for the organization of an interdisciplinary workshop during which the paper emerged. Estela Romero was funded by a Research Fellowship from the Iberdrola Foundation, and Najla Aissa-Grouz and Lauriane Vilmin were granted by a R2DS-Ile-de-France Region scholarship | Peer Reviewed

Global climate change is expected to have multiple impacts on food and water safety. Knowledge synthesis methods can provide a credible and robust assessment of the evidence on these potential impacts to inform risk assessments. To illustrate the utility of these methods to synthesize data for a case study scenario of one of the potential impacts of climate change on food safety, and to inform a complementary risk assessment model, we conducted a systematic review of the effects of water temperature and salinity on Vibrio parahaemolyticus in raw oysters and harvest waters. We searched four bibliographic databases for literature then two independent reviewers screened 953 citations for relevance and extracted data from 120 relevant articles. Sufficient data for meta-analysis were provided in 19 articles. Random-effects meta-analysis, a quality-of-evidence assessment, and meta-regression (where applicable) were conducted on unique data subsets reporting correlation coefficients for the relationships of interest. A positive correlation was identified between water temperature and V. parahaemolyticus in oysters (r=0.58; 95% CI: 0.47 to 0.68) and water (r=0.60; 95% CI: 0.47 to 0.70). However, both analyses were significantly heterogeneous (I2=74% and I2=75%, respectively), which was not explained by the variables evaluated in meta-regression. No consistent relationship was identified for water salinity. A low and very low quality-of-evidence was identified for the water temperature and salinity relationships, irrespective of sampling media. Due to insufficient reporting and availability, we were unable to perform meta-analysis on regression coefficients for direct inclusion in the risk assessment model. However, the synthesis process provided a structured and transparent evaluation of the evidence to confirm associations between water temperature and V. parahaemolyticus densities, indicate no consistent association between salinity and V. parahaemolyticus densities, and compile available regression coefficients. Future synthesis research could evaluate other effects of climate on food and water safety to inform additional risk assessments.

El objetivo de esta investigación es determinar el efecto del tipo de alimento -uno vivo, representado por Daphnia pulex y uno balanceado de la marca Purina Camaronina 35 con 35% de proteínas- y la calidad del agua -presencia y ausencia de microorganismos, y sólidos suspendidos- en el crecimiento y sobrevivencia de postlarvas del crustáceo Cambarellus montezumae. Para lo cual, se formaron 4 tratamientos que se evaluaron durante 14 semanas, mediante la realización de observaciones y biometrías periódicas como seguimiento del desarrollo en los organismos. Los datos obtenidos registraron diferencias significativas entre tratamientos (p< 0.05), en donde los mejores resultados de crecimiento y sobrevivencia se obtuvieron en los organismos alimentados con el alimento balanceado (M2 y M4), independientemente de la calidad del agua. Además, se obtuvieron valores de proteínas de hasta 45% y en la fracción lipídica se identificaron los ácidos grasos 20:4 n6 (ARA), 20:5 n3 (EPA) y 22:6 n3 (DHA) al considerar el cuerpo total del organismo. Lo antes mencionado incrementa el interés por el cultivo sustentable de C. montezumae para ser utilizado en la industria alimentaria a través de su adición en productos alimentarios de consumo humano debido a su contenido de biomoléculas de importancia biológica. | The objective of this research was to determine the effect of the type of food -a line one represented by Daphnia pulex and a one commercial Camaronina 35 by Purina with 35% protein- and water quality -presence and absence of microorganisms and suspended solids- on growth and survival of postlarvae of the crustacean Cambarellus montezumae. Four treatments were evaluated for 14 weeks conducting observations and periodic measurements as a follow-up of the development of the organisms. The obtained data showed significant differences between treatments (p< 0.05), where the best results in growth and survival were obtained in the organisms fed on animal feed (M2 and M4) regardless of the water quality. In addition, values of up to 45% protein were obtained and the lipid fraction identified as the fatty acids 20:4 n6 (ARA), 20:5 n3 (EPA) and 22:6 n3 (DHA) when considering the total body of the organisms. Our results increase the interest in the sustainable culture of C. montezumae to be used in the food industry through its addition to food products for human consumption due to its content of biomolecules of biological importance.

In this research, a new sample treatment technique termed solvent-assisted dispersive solid phase extraction (SADSPE) was developed. The new method was based on the dispersion of the sorbent into the sample to maximize the contact surface. In this approach, the dispersion of the sorbent at a very low milligram level was achieved by injecting a mixture solution of the sorbent and disperser solvent into the aqueous sample. Thereby, a cloudy solution formed. The cloudy solution resulted from the dispersion of the fine particles of the sorbent in the bulk aqueous sample. After extraction, the cloudy solution was centrifuged and the enriched analytes in the sediment phase dissolved in ethanol and determined by FAAS. Under the optimized conditions, the detection limit for silver ions was 0.8 μg L⁻¹. The relative standard deviations for six separate extraction experiments for determination of 5 and 200 μg L⁻¹ of silver ions was 3.4 and 3.1 %. The preconcentration factor was found to be 61.7. SADSPE was successfully applied for trace determination of silver ions in water and food samples.

External publication used this dataset: Oyekale, Abayomi Samuel; and Vutela-Tekana, Sibongile Sylvia. 2012. A factor component analysis of the sources of income inequality in the Limpopo River Basin of South Africa. Life Science Journal 9(3): 720-725. http://www.lifesciencesite.com/lsj/life0903/101_8983life0903_720_725.pdf | This household survey was conducted as part of a project aimed to provide policymakers and stakeholders in South Africa with tools to better understand, analyze, and form policy decisions to adapt to global change. The survey was conducted in the Limpopo River Basin in South Africa during 2005. A total of 794 households from 19 districts, in 5 Water Management Areas (WMAs), across 4 provinces of South Africa were sampled. The South Africa sample was designed to capture the diverse agricultural patterns in the basin area: farming strata, type of cultivation (dry land and irrigation), major and minor crops and livestock, and all the sub-catchment areas in each of the 5 WMAs. Topics covered include household roaster including background information, farm and non-farm activities, assets, basic services, disease, shocks; land ownership and land holdings; farm machinery, farm buildings, wells and pumps, and wage rates; crop production including production cost and income for seasonal crops and for perennial crops; crop water use; livestock production; access to extension, markets and credit; expenditures on food and income; and climate change and adaptation options. | IFPRI1 | EPTD | The survey was conducted by the Center for Environmental Economics and Policy in Africa (CEEPA), University of Pretoria, in collaboration with the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Funding for the survey was provided by the Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (Germany). The project forms part of the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR)’s Challenge Program on Water and Food (CPWF).; Dataset Citation: Food and Water Security under Global Change: Developing Adaptive Capacity with a Focus on Rural Africa. South Africa Limpopo Basin Climate Change Adaptation dataset. 2010. Washington, D.C.: International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) (datasets).; Data file format(s): STATA, EXCEL; Principal contact: Yan Sun; Principal researcher: Claudia Ringler