A hidratação oral, modalidade na qual a solução eletrolítica é ingerida espontaneamente pelo animal, utiliza o trato gastrointestinal para absorção de fluidos, eletrólitos e carboidratos. Ela pode ser considerada a primeira opção em animais que mantêm o reflexo de sucção e deglutição. Ademais, a hidratação oral viabiliza a utilização de soluções eletrolíticas orais (SEO) de ingestão voluntária pelo paciente, isto possibilita que ele seja hidratado em domicílio de acordo com recomendação do médico veterinário. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a ingestão ad libitum de repositor hidroeletrolítico contendo eletrólitos, carboidrato e aminoácidos e seus efeitos sobre o equilíbrio hidroeletrolítico e ácido base de cães submetidos a 24 horas de restrição hídrica e alimentar. Foram utilizados seis cães distribuídos em um cross-over 6x2, sendo três machos e três fêmeas, com idade entre um a seis anos, clinicamente hígidos. Os dois tratamentos foram disponibilizados aos animais aleatoriamente para ingestão ad libitum: Repositor hidroeletrolítico (REO) e Água, cada animal recebeu um dos tratamentos com um intervalo 15 dias entre estes. Antecipando a fase de tratamento, os animais foram submetidos a vinte e quatro horas de restrição hídrica e alimentar, após isso os cães tiveram acesso aos tratamentos durante quatro horas. A avaliação clínica e laboratorial dos animais foi realizada em: T-24h (início do jejum hídrico e alimentar); T0h (início da fase de tratamento); T2h (duas horas de tratamento); T4h (fim da fase de tratamento) e T10h (seis horas após o término da fase de tratamento). O repositor hidroeletrolítico foi ingerido 3,6 vezes mais que água, e ocasionou aumento da diurese e decréscimo da densidade urinária dos animais. Além disso, o repositor hidroeletrolítico não ocasionou alterações no equilíbrio eletrolítico e ácido base dos animais. Palavras-chave: Hidratação. Cães. Eletrólitos. Fluidos. Ácido base. | Oral fluid therapy, a modality in which the electrolyte solution is spontaneously ingested by the animal, uses the gastrointestinal tract to absorb fluids, electrolytes, and carbohydrates. It can be considered the first option in animals that maintain the sucking and swallowing reflex. In addition, oral hydration enables the use of oral electrolyte solutions (SEO) of voluntary ingestion by the patient, this allows him to be hydrated at home according to the veterinarian's recommendation. The objective of this study was to evaluate the ad libitum intake of hydroelectrolytic repository containing electrolytes, carbohydrates, and amino acids and their effects on the hydroelectrolytic balance and acid-base of dogs submitted to 24 hours of water and food restriction. Six dogs were used in a 6x2 crossover, three males and three females, aged between one and six years, clinically healthy. The two treatments were made available to the animals at random for ad libitum ingestion: Hydroelectrolytic Repository (REO) and Water, each animal received one of the treatments with an interval of 15 days between them. Previous to the treatment phase, the animals were subjected to twenty-four hours of water and food restriction, after which the dogs had access to treatments for four hours. The clinical and laboratory evaluation of the animals was carried out in: T-24h (beginning of water and food fasting); T2h (beginning of the treatment phase); T4h (end of the treatment phase); and T10h (six hours after the end of the treatment phase). The hydroelectrolytic repository was ingested 3.6 times more than water, and caused an increase in diuresis and a decrease in the urinary density of the animals. In addition, the hydroelectrolytic repository did not cause changes in the electrolyte balance and base acid of the animals. Keywords: Fluid therapy. Dogs. Electrolytes. Fluids. Acid base.

As an important agricultural production area in China, the Yangtze River Economic Belt has a large amount of water resources and rich types of energy. Water and energy resources are the supporting basis of food production, and the production and use of energy also need to consume a large amount of water resources. The three affect each other and are interdependent. Paying attention to the synergistic security of water-energy-food system in the Yangtze River Economic Belt is important for regional economic development. This paper uses the pressure-state-response (PSR) model and selects 27 indicators to build an evaluation index system of the regional water-energy-food system. We use the random forest model to evaluate the security level of the Yangtze River Economic Belt from 2008 to 2017, and the Haken model is employed to identify the driving factors that dominate the synergistic evolution of the system. Then we take the identified factors as the key control variables under each scenario and launch a scenario simulation of some provinces in the Yangtze River Economic Belt in 2025. The results show that due to the improvement of water and energy utilization efficiency and the advancement of agricultural production technology, the level of water-energy-food security in the Yangtze River Economic Belt improved significantly from 2008 to 2017. Each province performs differently in different subsystems, with water resources security being better in the upper reaches and Zhejiang and Shanghai in the lower reaches, and food security being better in the middle and lower reaches. The level of energy security is high in Sichuan, Yunnan, and Guizhou in the upper reaches and Shanghai and Anhui in the lower reaches. According to the results of scenario prediction for Jiangsu Province and Hubei Province in 2025, implementing moderate management in accordance with current management objectives can increase the overall security of the system to level 4. The two provinces should focus on controlling water resources and energy consumption and improving the utilization efficiency of water and energy in agricultural production.

A green vortex assisted based liquid-liquid microextraction (VA-LLME) method was developed for preconcentration of selenium. Ammonium pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (APDC) was used to form a hydrophobic complex with selenium in natural water, agricultural soil and food samples by GFAAS. Whereas Triton X-114, a nonionic surfactant and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ionic liquid were used for Se extraction as a dispersing medium. The conical flasks contents were shack on a vortex mixer to increase the extraction efficiency. Multivariate techniques were used to evaluate extraction parameters; pH, vortex time, APDC amount, volume of ionic liquid and Triton X-114 and centrifugation rate on the recovery of Se. The central composite design (CCD) was used for further optimization of the essential extraction parameters. The enhancement factor and limit of detection were obtained as 98.7 and 0.07 µg L⁻¹. The certified reference materials was used for accuracy of method and the related standard deviation was found to be 3.51%. The resulted data indicated that concentrations of Se in all types of water samples were below the permissible limit recommended by WHO.

Biogas, generated from anaerobic digester (AD), has been one of the promising sources of renewable energy. To manage the organic waste from small cassava industry in Brazil, a waste-water-energy-food nexus (WWEF) system is proposed, combining AD and co-generation or combined heat and power (CHP) plants. However, the environmental impacts and benefits of this system are yet not known. By using Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) method, environmental impacts of three scenarios are assessed, i.e. business-as-usual (base), improved business-as-usual and WWEF closed-loop. Functional unit (FU) in this study is defined as generating 1 kg cassava starch/flour. Global warming potential (GWP), cumulative energy demand (CED), freshwater eutrophication potential (FEP), terrestrial acidification potential (TAP) and water depletion potential (WDP) are selected. Landfilling cassava waste, power use for cassava starch and flour production, and emissions from fertilizer application are identified as environmental hotspots for business-as-usual case, suggesting making decisions on these aspects when dealing with environmental impacts. By using cassava waste to recover energy and nutrients for Brazilian rural family farming, the WWEF system is identified as the best environment-friendly scenario with lowest environmental impacts for the selected impact categories. The impact savings of the closed-loop scenario for GWP are over 90%, while over 50% of emissions for other selected impact categories, except FEP (lower than 10%), are saved compared to the business-as-usual and improved scenarios. Sensitivity analysis reinforces the results. Overall, this study provides a view on the potential of using cassava waste for the WWEF closed-loop system in Brazil, suggesting that the proposed WWEF closed-loop system is feasible and beneficial for small industries from the environmental perspective.

Fabrication of novel coatings continues to be an area of great interest and significance in the development and application of stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE). In this work, a carboxyl-enriched microporous organic network (MON-2COOH) coated stir bar was designed and fabricated as a novel adsorbent for efficient extraction of four phenylurea herbicides (PUHs) before their determination by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with photodiode array detector (HPLC-PDA). The MON-2COOH was represented as an effective adsorbent for PUHs due to its large surface area, rigid porous structure, aromatic pore walls and the desired hydrogen bonding sites of introduced carboxyl groups. Variables affecting the SBSE of target analytes were optimized in detail. Under the optimal extraction conditions, favorable correlation coefficients (R² > 0.996) in the linear range 0.10–250 μg L⁻¹, low limits of detection (LODs, S/N = 3) of 0.025–0.070 μg L⁻¹ and good enrichment factors (46–49) were obtained. Besides, the proposed SBSE-HPLC-PDA method was successfully applied to determine trace PUHs in food and environmental water samples with recoveries in the range of 80.0–104.8% and the precisions (relative standard deviations, RSDs) lower than 9.9% (n = 3). This work revealed the potential of MONs in SBSE of trace contaminants from environmental samples.

RESUMO: O meio sintético contendo glicose, glicerol, extrato de levedura (YE) e sulfato de amônio (AS) foi comparado a meios de baixo custo para produzir alto índice de emulsificação (EI). Para este fim, os subprodutos agroindustriais foram rastreados quanto à produção de bioemulsificante por Yarrowia lipolytica. A análise estatística mostrou que EI de meios contendo óleo de fritura residual de óleo de palma (RFO_palm) ou óleo de soja (RFO_soy), líquido residual da produção de manteiga (soro de manteiga, BWhey) ou da produção de queijo (soro de queijo, CWhey), suplementado com YE e AS foram semelhantes ao EI do meio sintético. A substituição do YE por milhocina (CSL) também resultou em EI semelhante, exceto no RFO_soy. O BWhey foi testado com CSL sem AS e EI semelhante (66,8%) foi detectado em comparação com o mesmo meio com AS (66,3%). O meio isento de células obtido após o crescimento de Y. lipolytica no meio BWhey + CSL foi utilizado com sucesso para obter emulsões de óleo vegetal em água, indicando sua potencial aplicação em produtos alimentícios. | ABSTRACT: A synthetic medium containing glucose, glycerol, yeast extract (YE), and ammonium sulfate (AS) was compared to several low-cost media in their ability to produce high emulsification index (EI). The goal was to reduce the production costs of an emulsifier with application in food oil-in-water emulsions. To this end, agro-industrial by-products were screened for bioemulsifier production from Yarrowia lipolytica. The statistical analysis showed that the EIs of media containing residual frying oil from palm oil (RFO_palm) or soybean oil (RFO_soy), residual liquid from butter production (butter whey, BWhey) or cheese production (cheese whey, CWhey), supplemented with YE and AS were similar to the EI of the synthetic medium. The replacement of YE by corn steep liquor (CSL) also resulted in similar EI, except for RFO_soy. BWhey was tested with CSL without AS and similar EI (66.8%) was detected in comparison to that of the same medium with AS (66.3%). The cell-free broth obtained after Y. lipolytica growth in BWhey+CSL was successfully used to obtain vegetable oil-in-water emulsions indicating its potential application in food products.

The present study explores the biosorption potential of Pleurotus ostreatus immobilized magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles for solid-phase extractions of Ni(II) and Pb(II) ions from the water and food samples. It was characterized using FTIR, FE-SEM/EDX before and after analyte ions biosorption. Important operational parameters including the effect of initial pH, the flow rate of the sample solution and volume, amount of biomass and support material, interfering ions, best eluent, column reusability were studied. The biosorption capacities of fungus immobilized iron oxide nanoparticles were found as 28.6 and 32.1 mg g⁻¹ for Ni(II) and Pb(II), respectively. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantitation (LOQ) were achieved as 0.019 and 0.062 ng mL⁻¹ for Ni(II), 0.041 and 0.14 ng mL⁻¹ for Pb(II), respectively. The proposed method was validated by applying to certified reference materials and successfully applied for the preconcentrations of Ni(II) and Pb(II) ions from water and food samples by ICP-OES.

The goal of this paper is to provide a preliminary analysis of European ecovillages considered as rural grassroots experiments with the sustainable management of the Water-Energy-Food Nexus. The article presents empirical data on the management of basic resources in 60 European ecovillages collected with an online survey in 2020. The results show that a vast majority of ecovillages pursue some self-sufficiency in food, water or energy, and that 50% of them seek some self-sufficiency in all three of these resources. However, ecovillages do not try to be completely self-sufficient but rather aim at achieving feasible levels of self-sufficiency complemented with local and regional cooperation. While the role of ecovillages in driving conventional rural growth is limited, they can help in guiding sustainability transitions by illustrating opportunities and difficulties of reducing resource consumption of settlement units without reducing personal and communal well-being.

The risks associated with water-energy-food (WEF) nexus can be determined by analyzing the three resources as a system and subsequently measuring the probability of resource shortages in this system under the influences of external factors such as climate, economy, and society. In this study, a Bayesian network (BN) model was used to construct the supply-demand risk assessment framework, identify the risk factors during different periods in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) region, and simulate the probability of supply-demand risk under different scenarios. The results showed that (1) the WEF supply-demand risk in the BTH region originated from not only core system factors, but also from external system factors. (2) The factors affecting the WEF supply-demand risk varied significantly over time. In the tortuous development stage (1989–1998), industrial and agricultural water use intensity were highly important. In the rapid development stage (1999–2008), the population growth rate became the main factor. In the coordinated development stage (2009–2018), the water and food supply-demand risks became increasingly important. (3) In scenarios where representative climate-economy-society factors (rainfall, gross domestic product, and population) were in high-high-high, medium-high-high, low-medium-high, and low-high-high, respectively, the probability of WEF supply-demand risk increased significantly. This probability was effectively reduced in medium-low-low, medium-medium-low, and medium-high-low scenarios. Using BN to study the WEF supply-demand risk allows for an intuitive understanding of the interaction mechanisms among variables in the WEF nexus. This approach also enables the design of more realistic scenarios, thus providing a reference for the formulation of early risk warning mechanisms.