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The water-food-energy nexus
2018
The water-energy-food nexus Полный текст
2017
Kurian, Mathew
Global challenges have exacerbated a search for solutions to poverty and environmental degradation. Integration it was argued would help address the twin challenge. Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) was supposed to be that magic bullet and was embraced by scientists because of the clinical efficiency with which it argued for integrated analysis of sectors and resources and of systems and scale conditions. This paper argues that effective implementation of the Water-Energy-Food (WEF) Nexus can be supported by robust science. The corollary that robust science automatically leads to effective implementation is not always known to be true. The nexus approach sheds light on the challenges of implementation by introducing concepts of trade-offs and thresholds and consequently emphasizes the importance of transdisciplinary approaches to sustainable development. This paper reviews the results of recent research to offer tentative answers to the following questions: (a) Why is the governance dimension important to undertake an integrated analysis of water-energy-food challenges? (b) What does the nexus approach connote in normative and institutional terms? (c) What does implementation mean in nexus terms? (d) How can we establish if the nexus approach is an improvement over business as usual? and (e) What tools are available that would enable translation of results of scientific research to create an evidence base that would enable decision makers to act in support of sustainable development?
Показать больше [+] Меньше [-]Water resources and food security Полный текст
2015
Ringler, Claudia | Zhu, Tingju
Agricultural water use includes a continuum from purely rainfed to fully irrigated systems. Growing pressures on limited water supplies from domestic, industrial, and environmental uses will likely lead to a decline in water availability for food production. Similarly, income growth and urbanization lead to dietary shifts that require more water resources per calorie consumed, putting further pressures on water supplies. As a result, semiarid and arid countries continue to increase net imports of food. Crop water use for sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.), maize (Zea mays L.), soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.], and fruits are expected to grow over time, whereas water use for wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and rice (Oryza sativa L.) are expected to decline after 2030. These projections include substantial improvements in water use efficiency at the field, farm, and river basin scale over the coming decades in response to growing water scarcity. If these efficiency improvements are not achieved, future crop water demands would be even larger. Although water resources are a key limiting factor for future food security, policy and investment options to reduce agricultural water use exist on both the water supply and demand side; but political will and ingenuity are needed for their implementation.
Показать больше [+] Меньше [-]Water resources and food program Полный текст
2014
Demin, A. P.
Data on the volumes of renewable water resources and the specific dependable water supply are given for countries with the least water resources available. Data on the current volumes of water resources withdrawal, irrigated land area, and the population size in largest world countries are given. Measures taken by various countries with the aim to enhance water resources availability for agriculture are described. The further increase in the area of arable and irrigated lands, with the current technologies still in use in the agriculture, is shown to be inadmissible. The role of reclamation in the ensuring of food safety in Russia is demonstrated.
Показать больше [+] Меньше [-]Water for food and ecosystems
2003
This brochure has been developed for the Water for Food and Ecosystems programme on behalf of the 3rd World Water Forum
Показать больше [+] Меньше [-]More food with less water Полный текст
2003
Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation
The practice of deficit irrigation whereby water supply is reduced below maximum levels and mild stress is allowed with minimal effects on yield is described in these technical and specialist papers. Deficit irrigation practices Water Reports No 22, FAO, 2002. 110 pp. ISBN 9251047685 US$ 17 Euro 15.75 For FAO address see elsewhere. | Deficit irrigation practices Water Reports No 22, FAO, 2002. 110 pp. ISBN 9251047685 US$ 17 Euro 15.75
Показать больше [+] Меньше [-]Staphylococci in food water origin
2001
Daczkowska-Kozon, E. (Akademia Rolnicza, Szczecin (Poland). Zaklad Mikrobiologii Zywnosci) | Lapinska, K. (Akademia Rolnicza, Szczecin (Poland). Zaklad Higieny Weterynaryjnej) | Dabrowski, W. | Koronkiewicz, A. | Zawodna, L.
A total of 958 samples of raw fish, fish products and "frutti di mare" were tested for staphylococci. Among 153 strains isolated and subjected to identification the most frequently present were: S. aureus, S. warneri, S. hominis and S. sciuri. These species stated for 46.4; 20.9; 7.2 and 5.2 percent of the total number of identified staphylococci species, respectively. Atypical coagulase-negative S. aureus represented 11.3 percent of identified strains of this species. With coagulase-negative staphylococci taken into account, presence of staphylococci was confirmed in 69.8 percent of the 275 samples tested, while contamination with coagulase-positive staphylococci was confirmed in 24.7 percent of them
Показать больше [+] Меньше [-]Nutrition, Food, and Water Security Полный текст
1999
Biswas, Margaret R.
Although nutritionists have long been aware of the importance of clean drinking water and sanitation, water is becoming part of the international political agenda only after a slow realization of its scarcity. This is mainly because water has been taken for granted in industrialized countries except during periods of drought. in many areas of developing countries, water shortages already exist. Even with improved management, new sources of water will have to be developed at higher costs per project. Provision of clean water and sanitation has been rendered difficult by rapid urbanization since the middle of the twentieth century. Although cities have managed to provide a water supply, they have not been able to provide sewage and wastewater treatment. Meanwhile, irrigated agriculture uses nearly 70% of world water. in the future, food security will become even more dependent on irrigation. Poor management, due mostly to low salaries and political interference, is one of the main reasons for inefficient water systems. Underpricing of water in towns and on farms discourages conservation. Furthermore, people who do not have access to tap water in developing countries pay 10 times more than those who have taps.
Показать больше [+] Меньше [-]Women, water and food technology
1990
Anokwa, C. (University of Ghana, Legon (Ghana). Home Science Dept.)
The need for provision of adequate water supply for both domestic cooking and industrial food technology use, especially for small scale food processing industries are discussed. The in-adequacy of water results in unhygienic and burdensome preparation and processing activities. In addition, the new appropriate technologies have worsened water-related problems and improved technologies are not optimally serving small-scale food processors, most of whom are women. In designing and installing these improved technologies for operation, the scope must be increased to cover water management as well as fuel saving as part of a comprehensive local programme for health and welfare improvement
Показать больше [+] Меньше [-][Drinking water - an endangered food]
1982
Krueger, H.-W.
