El presente trabajo de tesis fue desarrollado en el Laboratorio de Procesamiento del Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnologia de los Alimentos (ICYTAL). Los objetivos de la tesis fueron construir una torre de relleno de PVC, disenar experiencias did cticas para realizar ensayos de enfriamiento de agua, estableciendo la metodologia y limites de operacion del sistema, para obtener finalmente valores del Coeficiente Volumetrico de Transferencia de Masa en la fase gaseosa Kya y K ga. Para la construccion y operacion de la torre de relleno, se utilizaron materiales de bajo costo disponibles en el mercado local y aparatos existentes en el ICYTAL. La construccion y operacion de la torre de relleno fue realizada en forma experimental, por la necesidad de utilizar los medidores de flujo y equipos disponibles, y de instalar el sistema dentro de un espacio limitado fisicamente. Una etapa importante en la operacion fue la seleccion del relleno m s adecuado para realizar los ensayos de enfriamiento de agua. Una vez seleccionado el relleno, se establecio la metodologia de operacion de la torre como sistema de enfriamiento de agua. Para el c lculo de valores del coeficiente de transferencia de masa, se utilizo una metodologia de diseno basada en la variacion de entalpia del aire y una definicion del coeficiente, basada en la variacion de humedad del aire a traves de la seccion de relleno de la torre. Se probo que la torre de relleno es util para funcionar como un sistema de enfriamiento de agua permitiendo variar los flujos de aire y agua, adem s de la temperatura de entrada de agua a la torre, para obtener valores del coeficiente volumetrico de transferencia de masa en la fase gaseosa. Los resultados de los coeficientes Kya o K ga obtenidos en duplicado permitieron desarrollar ecuaciones, basadas en un modelo no lineal, de los coeficientes en funcion de los flujos especificos de aire seco y agua, las cuales son utiles para el diseno de os sistemas de contacto gas-liquido

Climate change is at the top of the development agenda in Central America. This region, together with the Caribbean, is highly vulnerable to the effects of climate change in Latin America. Climate change is manifesting itself through higher average temperatures and more frequent droughts that result in higher water stress, and through the rising frequency of extreme weather events such as tropical storms, hurricanes, floods and landslides, all of which pose significant challenges in the rural water supply and sanitation sector. The paper starts with a review of the historic data on temperature and precipitation trends in Central America and particularly at the regional level in Nicaragua. The data reveal a clear trend of the growing climate variability, increased water stress for crops, and greater frequency of extreme weather events. The rising intensity and frequency of ex-treme weather events is among the most critical risks to the region's development agenda, and they translate into high economic losses. This paper examines the impacts and implications of potential climate change on water resources in Nicaragua and makes key recommendations to integrate climate change and rural water supply and sanitation policies and programs in a way that increase resilience to current and future climate conditions. | 0

La práctica odontológica está asociada con un alto riesgo de infecciones, tanto para el personal encargado, como para los pacientes, los cuales están expuestos a una amplia variedad de microorganismos patógenos que colonizan o infectan la cavidad oral y/o el tracto respiratorio. Factores ambientales como el aire, el agua y las superficies clínicas de contacto pueden actuar como reservorios de microorganismos y juegan un rol muy importante como vehículos de infección. Objetivo: conocer, identificar y describir las diferentes vías de contaminación ambiental en el consultorio odontológico respecto a la contaminación de agua aire y superficies, en relación a contaminantes (químicos, físicos, biológicos, virus, bacterias, e identificar los métodos de prevención para evitar la propagación de agentes contaminantes mediante una búsqueda de literatura. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó una revisión temática a partir de una búsqueda de artículos a través de las bases de datos de PubMed, Science direct y Cochrane, mediante las siguientes palabras claves: Contaminación, infección, medio ambiente, consultorio odontológico, aire, agua, superficie; Fueron seleccionados los artículos que cumplieran con los criterios de inclusión, artículos de lenguaje (inglés y francés) y de fechas de publicación (Se limitaron los resultados de artículos con 20 años de anterioridad). Resultados: Se seleccionaron 31 artículos de acuerdo al flujograma y criterios de selección. De los 31 artículos, 10 artículos corresponden a la contaminación en superficies, 11 contaminación por agua y 10 artículos contaminación por aire y/o medio ambiente con un nivel de evidencia Ia. El género Staphylococcus fue reportado en mayor proporción con 48.790 UFC/m2, y el recuento total de hongos fue de 13.150 UFC/ m2 en todas las vías de contaminación. En menor escala se determinaron los géneros bacterianos Pseudomonas, Enterococcus, Moraxella y el grupo de los coliformes totales en la vía de contaminación de agua y superficies. A partir de esto, se generó una propuesta de protocolo de desinfección para las diferentes vías en comparación con la normatividad presente. Conclusiones: Los protocolos propuestos a partir de lo reportado en la literatura sobre las diferentes vías de contaminación se deben realizar de manera rutinaria, debido a que mientras no se tomen medidas sanitarias inmediatas y de control periódico adecuadas de cada una de las diferentes vías de contaminación, existirá en pacientes y odontólogos, el riesgo latente de contraer infecciones por microorganismos principalmente de forma cruzada como hepatitis, VIH, entre otras enfermedades respiratorias. | Odontólogo | Pregrado | Dental practice is associated with a high risk of infections, both for the personnel in charge and for the patients, who are exposed to a wide variety of pathogenic microorganisms that colonize or infect the oral cavity and/or the respiratory tract. Environmental factors such as air, water and clinical contact-surfaces can act as reservoirs of microorganisms and play a very important role as vehicles of infection. Objective: to know, identify and describe in the literature the different routes of environmental pollution in the dental office regarding water, air and surface contamination, in relation to pollutants (chemical, physical, biological, viruses, bacteria) and identify prevention methods to avoid their propagation. Materials and methods: a thematic review was carried out based on a search for articles in PubMed, Science direct and Cochrane databases, using the following keywords: Pollution, infection, environment, dental office, air, water, surface. Articles that met the inclusion criteria, language (English and French) and publication date were selected (results were limited to articles with 20 years of anteriority). Results: 31 articles were selected according to the flowchart and selection criteria. Of the 31 articles, 10 articles correspond to surface contamination, 11 to water pollution and 10 articles to air and/or environmental pollution with a level of evidence Ia. The genus Staphylococcus was reported in greater proportion with 48,790 CFU/m2, and the total fungal count was 13,150 CFU/m2 in all contamination pathways. On a smaller scale, the bacterial genera Pseudomonas, Enterococcus, Moraxella and the group of total coliforms, were determined in the water and surface contamination path. From this, a proposal for a disinfection protocol was generated for the different routes compared to the current regulations. Conclusions: the protocols proposed from what is reported in the literature about the different routes of contamination should be carried out routinely, because as long as adequate immediate sanitary measures and regular control of each of the different routes of contamination are not taken, there will be in both patients and dentists, the latent risk of contracting infections by microorganisms mainly in the form of hepatitis, HIV, among other respiratory diseases.

La localidad de chapinero denominada Unidad Zonal 99, se encuentra ubicada en el centro del área urbana de Bogotá. El presente artículo se enfoco en la identificación de microplásticos (MPs), especificamente en el agua pluvial, esto con la ayuda de equipos convencionales como lo fue el pluviómetro y materiales especializados del laboratorio, logrando asi la identificación por medio de estereoscopía, además se evaluó la cantidad de concentración de (MPs) en cada uno de los Cinco (5) puntos o estaciones de monitoreo, logrando así determinar cual tiene mayor o menor concentración de MPs y asi poder concluir que estación esta más expuesta a la contaminación de Microplásticos en la localidad de Chapinero. | The town of Chapinero, called Unidad Zonal 99, is located in the center of the urban area of Bogotá. This article focuses on the identification of microplastics (MPs), specifically in rainwater, this with the help of conventional equipment such as the rain gauge and specialized laboratory materials, thus achieving the identification through stereoscopy, also evaluated the amount of concentration of (MPs) in each of the five (5) points or monitoring stations, thus determining which has higher or lower concentration of MPs and thus to conclude which station is more exposed to contamination of microplastics in the town of Chapinero. | Ingeniero Ambiental | Pregrado

El proyecto se direcciono hacia la aplicación de un modelo de dispersión de contaminantes a las fuentes fijas de la zona industrial del embalse del Muña, se identificó 42 fuentes fijas, las cuales el 45% estarían operando con gas natural, 29% con energía eléctrica, 14% carbón mineral y 12% reacciones químicas. se realizó el modelo de dispersión de 9 contaminantes, los cuales se clasifican como contaminantes criterio (MP,SO2,NO2,Pb y Cd) y contaminantes convencionales (H2SO4,HCL,HCT y Cu). Se pudo establecer el impacto en la calidad del aire de los siguientes contaminantes; (PM10, HCT, Cd, CU, Pb, y HCl), no tuvieron incidencia en la calidad del aire del municipio, lo cual no represento un riesgo para la población. Mientras NOx y SO2 alcanzaron una clasificación de “Naranja” de acuerdo con la Resolución 2254 de 2017 siendo esta dañina a la salud de grupos sensibles, el contaminante PM2.5, se clasificó en “Rojo” siendo esta dañina a la salud para toda la población que estuvieron expuestos a este contaminante, finalmente el SO3 que es precursor de la lluvia ácida alcanzaron concentraciones máximas de hasta 146 µg/m3 representando un riesgo para los trabajadores de la zona industrial, infraestructura, flora y fauna aledaña. | The project was directed towards the application of a model of dispersion of pollutants to the fixed sources of the industrial area of the Muña reservoir, 42 fixed sources were identified, which 45% would be operating with natural gas, 29% with electric energy, 14% carbon mineral and 12% chemical reactions. The dispersion model of 9 pollutants was performed, which are classified as criteria pollutants (MP, SO2, NO2, Pb and Cd) and conventional pollutants (H2SO4, HCL, HCT and Cu). The impact on air quality of the following pollutants could be established; (PM10, HCT, Cd, CU, Pb, and HCl), had no incidence on the air quality of the municipality, which did not represent a risk for the population. While NOx and SO2 reached a classification of "Orange" in accordance with Resolution 2254 of 2017, being the harmful to the health of sensitive groups, the pollutant PM2.5, was classified as "Red" being harmful to the health of the entire population. population that were exposed to this pollutant, finally SO3, which is the precursor of acid rain, reached maximum concentrations of up to 146 µg / m3, representing a risk for workers in the industrial zone, infrastructure, surrounding flora and fauna. | Corporación autónoma regional (CAR) Dirección regional Soacha

El deterioro de la calidad del aire es un problema que aqueja tanto a países desarrollados como aquellos que se encuentran en proceso de desarrollo e industrialización; que a su vez se ha convertido en un problema medio ambiental y de salud pública debido a que la concentración de los contaminantes exceden las normas nacionales de referencia sobre calidad del aire. Está relacionada a la polución, entre otras, atribuida a diferentes fuentes; tal como la industria, minería, quema y las emisiones de los vehículos, siendo esta la que más impacto genera, como lo revelan estudios contratados por el Ministerio de Ambiente, Vivienda y Desarrollo Territorial, “las fuentes móviles (vehículos) generan el 86% de la contaminación atmosférica”. Por ende se desarrollar la presente investigación en la planta de tratamiento de agua potable Tibitoc; cuya finalidad es la comparación de datos obtenidos a través de la estación de monitoreo de la calidad de aire de la CAR con la normatividad ambiental vigente y el establecimiento de recomendaciones sobre los procesos que puedan generar aumento de las emisiones al ambiente. | Deteriorating air quality is a problem that impact to many developed countries and those who are in the process of development and industrialization; which in turn has become an environmental and public health problem because the concentration of contaminants exceed national standards of air quality reference. Is is related to pollution, among others, attributed to different sources; such as industry, mining, burning and vehicle emissions, this being the one that generates the most impact, as shown by studies commissioned by the Ministry of Environment, Housing and Territorial Development, "mobile sources (vehicles) generate 86% of air pollution. "Hence the present investigation was to develop on the ground of potable water Tibitoc; aimed to compare data obtained from the monitoring station quality air CAR with existing environmental regulations and establishing recommendations for processes that generate increased emissions to the environment.

Fissures and paleosols are important factors affecting the slope stability of loess. However, the mechanism of water and air migration in the unsaturated zone of loess induced by fissures and paleosols remains unclear. In this study, discontinuous irrigation experiments were conducted using a sand tank and Marriott bottle. The soil- water content (SWC) patterns and pressure differences, under the influence of fissures and paleosols, were observed using the EC-5 moisture sensor and MPXV5010DP differential pressure sensor. The results showed that the fissures are the dominant channels of water infiltration and air exchange, while paleosols and closed soil boundary conditions can significantly impede the downward transport of water and air. During irrigation, SWC near the fissure and paleosol increased rapidly from less than 10–30%, reaching a maximum value of 35% above the paleosol. On the other hand, the maximum pressure difference in the upper part of the paleosol exceeded 1,000 Pa, which is significantly higher than that observed in the lower part. The stability of soil around fissures and paleosols decreased sharply due to high SWC and pressure differences, which may induce landslides after long-term irrigation. This study provides a theoretical basis for revealing the formation mechanism of landslides in loess irrigation areas and preventing landslide disasters.

Temperature, discharge, and stable isotope ratios of five karst springs in a mountainous area of Zigui County, Hubei Province, Central China, were analyzed. The purpose was to illustrate the heat exchanges linked to circulation depth in the exposed karst water systems through the development of a method for estimating heat input and heat flux during a rainstorm. Meteorological water in the study area conformed to a local meteoric water line (δD = 8.37 δ¹⁸O + 12.99) with a mean δ¹⁸O elevation gradient of −4.0‰ km⁻¹, which was used to estimate mean circulation depths of 209–686 m. The mean spring temperatures defined a vertical gradient of −5.4 °C km⁻¹, which resembled that of the stable atmosphere of the Earth, indicating that the thermal response patterns are mainly controlled by surface air temperature. Thermal convection after rainfall events dominated heat exchange between baseflow and recharge water, leading to a warmer and colder recharge during summer and winter, respectively, whereas thermal conduction dominated the heat exchange only between groundwater, surrounding geology, and the interface air under a condition of no rainfall, resulting in only small temperature variations of the baseflow. Successful application of the method for estimating heat exchange showed that the characteristics of shallow circulation, strong karstification, and well-developed epikarst readily allowed disruption of the thermal balance of the Yuquandong system, resulting in a poor heat regulation capacity, a larger variation of heat input, a lower mean heat flux, and lower baseflow temperatures compared to those of the Dayuquan system.

The microbial degradation of pharmaceuticals found in surface water used for artificial recharge is strongly dependent on redox conditions of the subsurface. Furthermore the durability of production wells may decrease considerably with the presence of oxygen and ferrous iron due to the precipitation of trivalent iron oxides and subsequent clogging. Field measurements are presented for oxygen at a bank filtration site in Berlin, Germany, along with simplified calculations of different oxygen pathways into the groundwater. For a two-dimensional vertical cross-section, oxygen input has been calculated for six scenarios related to different water management strategies. Calculations were carried out in order to assess the amount of oxygen input due to (1) the infiltration of oxic lake water, (2) air entrapment as a result of water table oscillations, (3) diffusive oxygen flux from soil air and (4) infiltrating rainwater. The results show that air entrapment and infiltrating lake water during winter constitute by far the most important mechanism of oxygen input. Oxygen input by percolating rainwater and by diffusive delivery of oxygen in the gas phase is negligible. The results exemplify the importance of well management as a determining factor for water oscillations and redox conditions during artificial recharge.