Poca información existe en la literatura acerca de la calidad química referente a subproductos de desinfección (SPD) y su relación con la microbiología del agua embotellada. Por tanto, se evaluó el contenido de trihalometanos (THM) y de ácidos haloacéticos (AHA) como principales SPD en siete marcas de agua embotellada del mercado colombiano, al igual que la presencia de indicadores microbiológicos, enterobacterias, aerobios mesófilos, hongos y levaduras. Los resultados mostraron valores máximos de 135 y 140 µg/l de THM y AHA totales, así como incumplimiento del 28% de la norma propuesta por la FDA. Se encontró la presencia de alguno de los indicadores microbiológicos en el 69% de las muestras e incumplimiento de la norma colombiana de agua potable en el 30%. La relación entre la cantidad de SPD y la calidad microbiológica fue diversa, observándose un escenario recomendable de baja concentración de SPD y microorganismos en dos de las marcas evaluadas. Finalmente, se requiere mayor información para analizar el efecto de la presencia de levaduras como indicador de cambios organolépticos en el agua y su posible relación con la proliferación de otro tipo de microorganismos. | Little information exists in the literature about the chemical quality of disinfection by-products (DBP) and their relationship with the microbiological quality of bottled water. Therefore, trihalomethanes (THM) and haloacetic acids (HAA) -the main DBP- were assessed in seven brands of bottled water available on the Colombian market. The presence of microbiological indicators, enterobacteria, mesophilic aerobes, fungi and yeast were also measured as microbiological indicators. Results showed maximum values of 135 for total THM and 140 µg/L for total HAA, and 28% of samples did not comply with FDA regulations. At least one microbiological indicator was found in 69% of samples and 30% did not comply with Colombian norms for drinking water. The association between DBP and microbiological quality varied. A recommended scenario of low DBP concentration and microorganisms was observed in two of the brands evaluated. Finally, more information is needed to analyze yeast as an indicator of organoleptic changes in water and its possible relationship with the proliferation of other types of microorganisms.

(Hyphomycetes isolados da água e do solo, da Reserva Florestal de Dois Irmãos, Recife, PE, Brasil). Visando ampliar o conhecimento sobre a diversidade de fungos em ambientes aquáticos, coletas da água e do solo das margens dos açudes do Vale do Prata e do Meio foram efetuadas na Reserva Florestal de Dois Irmãos, Recife, Estado de Pernambuco. Dentre outras, foram isoladas cinco espécies pouco comuns de Hyphomycetes. As amostras de água foram coletadas abaixo da lâmina d'água e as de solo nas margens dos referidos açudes. As amostras de solo foram submetidas a diluições até 1:10000 e 1 mL de cada suspensão foi plaqueado no meio de Martin acrescido de cloranfenicol (50 mg/L). Alíquotas (1 mL) das amostras de água foram semeadas no mesmo meio. As placas foram deixadas em temperatura ambiente (27 ºC&plusmn;2), durante 3-4 dias, para o desenvolvimento de colônias e posterior isolamento dos fungos. Dentre as espécies identificadas Curvularia tuberculata Jain, Dendrosporium lobatum Plakidas & Edgerton ex Crane, Dichotomophthoropsis nymphaearum (Rand) M. B. Ellis, Phaeoisaria glauca (Ellis & Everh.) Hoog & Papendorf e Trichurus spiralis Hasselbring são destacadas porque haviam sido pouco referidas e não descritas anteriormente no Brasil.<br>(Hyphomycetes from water and soil at the Dois Irmãos Forest Reserve, Recife, Pernambuco State, Brazil). To increase our knowledge regarding fungal diversity in aquatic environments, water and soil were collected at the edge of two dams (Açude do Vale do Prata and Açude do Meio) at the Dois Irmãos Forest Reserve, Recife, Pernambuco state. Five uncommon species of Hyphomycetes were found, among others. Water samples were collected below the water surface and soil samples from the shores of these dams. Soil samples were diluted to 1:10000, and 1 mL of each suspension was plated in Martin's medium with 50 mg/L chloranphenicol. Water samples (1 mL) were plated in the same medium. The plates were left at room temperature (27 ºC &plusmn;2) for 3-4 days, for colony development and subsequent species isolation. Among the identified species, Curvularia tuberculata Jain, Dendrosporium lobatum Plakidas & Edgerton ex Crane, Dichotomophthoropsis nymphaearum (Rand) M.B. Ellis, Phaeoisaria glauca (Ellis & Everh.) Hoog & Papendorf and Trichurus spiralis Hasselbring have rarely been cited and have yet not been described in Brazil.

La calidad del agua potable es fundamental para la salud pública y el bienestar de la población. En los municipios de Chiquinquirá, Ráquira y Sutamarchán, ubicados en Boyacá, Colombia, se ha suscitado una preocupación creciente debido a la aparición de casos de alergias y enfermedes dérmicas, que los residen-tes atribuyen al uso del agua. El origen de estas enfermedades puede ser múltiple y la presencia de hongos, muy resistentes a la desinfección, puede ser una de ellas. Es por esto que se analizaron muestras de agua potable tomadas directamente de la red de distribución, con el fin de evaluar la presencia de hongos patógenos. Los resultados mostraron la presencia de hongos en los tres municipios de estudio, y levaduras en el municipio de Chiquinquirá. Se identificó la presencia de Trichoderma sp. en el municipio de Sutamarchán; en Ráquira, la presencia de Mucor sp. y Trichoderma sp. En Chiquinquirá los resultados fueron confusos y se sospecha un error humano en la identificación de las muestras. Se concluyó que los hongos identificados pueden estar asociados a infecciones cutáneas y pulmonares. | Drinking water quality is critical to public health and the well-being of the population. In four municipalities in Boyacá, Colombia, there has been a growing concern due to the appearance of cases of allergies and skin diseases that residents attribute to water use. For this reason, drinking water samples taken direct-ly from the distribution network were analyzed to evaluate the presence of pathogenic fungi. The origin of these diseases can be multiple and the presence of fungi, which are origin of these diseases can be multi-ple and the presence of fungi, which are very resistant to disinfection, can be one of them. For this reason, drinking water samples taken directly from the distribution network were analyzed to evaluate the presence of phytopathogenic fungi. The results showed the presence of fungi in the three municipalities studied, and yeasts in the municipality of Chiquinquirá. The presence of Trichoderma sp. was identified in the municipality of Sutamarchán; in Ráquira, the presence of Mucor sp. and Trichoderma sp. was identified. In Chiquinquirá the results were confusing and a human error in the identification of the samples is suspected. It was concluded that the fungi identified may be associated with skin and lung infections. | Los datos, resultados y análisis de este trabajo se encuentran enmarcados en el desarrollo de actividades de Formación de Recursos Humano - participación de estudiantes de pregrado - del contrato de financiamiento 650 de 2021 con el Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación - Minciencias, bajo la convocatoria 896-2021 - proyecto con código SIGP 84746 titulado “Análisis de riesgo por exposición de la población Boyacense a subproductos de desinfección presentes en el agua potable y la fracción atribuible al cáncer””. | Ingeniero Ambiental | Pregrado

(Hyphomycetes isolados da água e do solo, da Reserva Florestal de Dois Irmãos, Recife, PE, Brasil). Visando ampliar o conhecimento sobre a diversidade de fungos em ambientes aquáticos, coletas da água e do solo das margens dos açudes do Vale do Prata e do Meio foram efetuadas na Reserva Florestal de Dois Irmãos, Recife, Estado de Pernambuco. Dentre outras, foram isoladas cinco espécies pouco comuns de Hyphomycetes. As amostras de água foram coletadas abaixo da lâmina d'água e as de solo nas margens dos referidos açudes. As amostras de solo foram submetidas a diluições até 1:10000 e 1 mL de cada suspensão foi plaqueado no meio de Martin acrescido de cloranfenicol (50 mg/L). Alíquotas (1 mL) das amostras de água foram semeadas no mesmo meio. As placas foram deixadas em temperatura ambiente (27 ºC2), durante 3-4 dias, para o desenvolvimento de colônias e posterior isolamento dos fungos. Dentre as espécies identificadas Curvularia tuberculata Jain, Dendrosporium lobatum Plakidas & Edgerton ex Crane, Dichotomophthoropsis nymphaearum (Rand) M. B. Ellis, Phaeoisaria glauca (Ellis & Everh.) Hoog & Papendorf e Trichurus spiralis Hasselbring são destacadas porque haviam sido pouco referidas e não descritas anteriormente no Brasil. | (Hyphomycetes from water and soil at the Dois Irmãos Forest Reserve, Recife, Pernambuco State, Brazil). To increase our knowledge regarding fungal diversity in aquatic environments, water and soil were collected at the edge of two dams (Açude do Vale do Prata and Açude do Meio) at the Dois Irmãos Forest Reserve, Recife, Pernambuco state. Five uncommon species of Hyphomycetes were found, among others. Water samples were collected below the water surface and soil samples from the shores of these dams. Soil samples were diluted to 1:10000, and 1 mL of each suspension was plated in Martin's medium with 50 mg/L chloranphenicol. Water samples (1 mL) were plated in the same medium. The plates were left at room temperature (27 ºC 2) for 3-4 days, for colony development and subsequent species isolation. Among the identified species, Curvularia tuberculata Jain, Dendrosporium lobatum Plakidas & Edgerton ex Crane, Dichotomophthoropsis nymphaearum (Rand) M.B. Ellis, Phaeoisaria glauca (Ellis & Everh.) Hoog & Papendorf and Trichurus spiralis Hasselbring have rarely been cited and have yet not been described in Brazil.

RESUMEN | El agua utilizada en acuicultura debe presentar excelente calidad microbiológica, de manera que garantice el éxito de la producción. En esta industria se utilizan frecuentemente algunos métodos de tratamientos microbicidas tales como filtración, cloración, luz UV, etc., que además de ser costosos, pueden generar compuestos tóxicos. En orden de buscar métodos alternativos para el tratamiento de agua para uso acuícola, la presente investigación evaluó las bondades de la fotolisis directa y la fotocatálisis heterogénea con nanopartículas de dióxido de titanio (FH-NPTiO2) con la finalidad de cultivar microalgas y rotíferos a baja escala. Una reducción significativa fue observada en el crecimiento de mesófilos aerobios totales y hongos en el agua de mar tratada con FH-NPTiO2, en comparación a la fotolisis directa. La calidad del agua tratada con FH-TiO2 permitió crecimiento de la microalga Tetraselmis chuii y del rotífero Brachionus plicatilis (alimentados con T. chuii), similar al cultivo en agua filtrada y esterilizada con UV. Cuarenta y ocho horas fue el tiempo de desinfección efectivo (TDE) para el agua tratada con FH-NPTiO2. Los resultados demuestran que la FH-NPTiO2 es una tecnología que puede aportar soluciones innovadoras en el tratamiento del agua para la acuicultura. ABSTRACT | The water used in aquaculture requires an excellent microbiological quality, in order to guarantee a successful production. Some methods of treatment such as filtration, chlorination, UV- light among others, are frequently used in the aquaculture industry, which are expensive and may generate toxic compounds. In order to search for alternative methods to treat water for aquaculture purpose, this study evaluated the benefits of direct photolysis and heterogeneous photocatalysis with nanoparticles of titanium dioxide (HP-NPTiO2) in order to cultivate microalgae and rotifers on a low scale. A significant reduction in total aerobic mesophiles and fungi growth was observed in HP-NPTiO2 treated seawater, in comparison with direct photolysis. The quality of seawater treated with HP-NPTiO2 allowed the growth of Tetraselmis chuii (microalgae) and B. plicatilis (rotifer) fed with T. chuii, similar to the culture in filtered and UV-sterilized water (control). Forty-eight hours was the effective disinfection time (EDT) for the water treated with FH-NPTiO2. The results showed that HP-NPTiO2 is a technology which may provide innovative solutions in water treatment for aquaculture.

En México poco se conoce sobre la microbiota de los glaciares que se localizan en los glaciares de volcanes a más de 5000 msnm. El Iztaccíhuatl alberga tres glaciares y dos cuerpos de agua en sus cráteres con condiciones extremas. Dentro de la biodiversidad de los glaciares se ha reportado la presencia de hongos psicrófilos y psicrotolerantes. Los cuales pueden sobrevivir a las condiciones extremas y proporcionar valiosas señales sobre el cambio climático. En el presente trabajo se analizó la diversidad de hongos de cuatro sitios del Iztaccíhuatl mediante amplicones del ITS 1-5.8S-ITS 2 del rRNA. Se realizó un análisis bioinformático de las secuencias obtenidas para asignar el nivel taxonómico y abundancia relativa por sitio. Así como la medición de los cuatro cuerpos de agua estudiados y su posible relación con la diversidad fúngica. Nuestros resultados mostraron que no existe una clara relación con el tamaño de los cuatro sitios aquí estudiados ni con la disponibilidad de agua (lago o glaciar). Los análisis de amplicones, revelaron un total de 738,310 secuencias, de las cuales, se trabajó con 597,138. Se identificaron 372,824 que se agruparon en 268 OTUs. Encontrando que perteneciera a 268 especies, 91 géneros, 108 familias, 52 órdenes, 17 clases y 4 divisiones de hongos. Basidiomycota resultó ser la división más abundante seguido de Ascomycota. El lago cráter “La Panza” presentó mayor riqueza, pero su área lo ubica en el tercer lugar y el lago cráter “Monte de Venus” el más pequeño presentó la menor riqueza. Los datos generados aquí contribuyen a generar conocimiento sobre los hongos que habitan estos sitios extremos poco estudiados y permiten conocer la majestuosidad de los glaciares tropicales antes de que perdamos la oportunidad de hacerlo debió al calentamiento global.

The efficacy of postharvest hot-dip treatment on Redblush grapefruit was investigated by 3-min dips in water at 50°C and 20°C, with and without 1500 ppm imazalil (IMZ) or thiabendazole (TBZ). Fruits were stored for 16 weeks in cold rooms at 8°C and then held at 20°C for 1 week to simulate shelf life. IMZ and TBZ treatment at 20°C considerably reduced the incidence of chilling injury (by about 50-60%) and the percentage (by 20%) of fungal infections. The effectiveness of the two fungicides was found to be considerably increased at 50°C. However, the beneficial effect of hot-dip treatment was noted, whether or not associated with the use of fungicides. The chilling index was threefold lower in fruit dipped in water at 50°C. Similar results were obtained by IMZ treatment and mold decay was decreased by about 50%. IMZ treatment at 50°C proved to be phytotoxic, thus resulting in reddish peel pitting, starting on the fourth week of storage. No further detrimental heat-related effect was detected in the remaining cases. Fruit treated with the two fungicides exhibited no significant differences in respiration rate under cold storage, when compared to control. By contrast, by the end of shelf life, sharply increased values were found in fruit treated with IMZ at 20°C. Endogenous ethylene production and internal quality attributes (juice%, total soluble solid content, juice acidity, and ripening index) did not reveal important differences between treatments. Ethanol concentration in the juice was remarkably lower in fruit treated with the two fungicides, whereas differences due to dip temperature were negligible in most cases.