Debido a los problemas de salud y ambientales que conlleva los vertimientos de plomo en cuerpos de aguas por actividades mineras o industriales, se hace necesario el estudio de alternativas para la remoción de estos en los afluentes. Con el fin de realizar un análisis de literatura, se consideraron 36 especies de plantas con capacidades fitorremediadoras a nivel mundial, estudiando el tiempo y porcentaje de remoción de cada una. Para lograrlo se revisaron 30 artículos científicos usando bases de datos como ScienceDirect, Dialnet, Scielo, ElSevier, Google Scholar, eLibro, repositorios institucionales y revistas científicas con un rango temporal 2012-2023. Realizando una investigación básica se encuentra que en Colombia las especies que podrían ser más viables para realizar procesos fitorremediativos son Chrysopogon zizanioides y Alternathera philoxeroides ya que tienen altos porcentajes de remoción de plomo en poco tiempo, lo que permite una disminución en los costos de financiación y las vuelve llamativas para su implementación. | Due to the health and environmental problems caused by discharges of lead into the rivers due to the mining or industrial activities, it is necessary to study alternatives for removing lead from tributaries. In order to carry out a literature analysis, 36 plant species with phytoremediation capabilities worldwide were considered, studying the time and percentage of removal of each one. To achieve this, 30 scientific articles were reviewed using databases such as ScienceDirect, Dialnet, Scielo, ElSevier, Google Scholar, eLibro, institutional repositories and scientific journals with a time range 2012-2023. Carrying out basic research, it is found that in Colombia the species that could be most viable for carrying out phytoremediation processes are Chrysopogon zizanioides and Alternathera philoxeroides since they have high percentages of lead removal in a short time, which allows a decrease in financing costs and makes them attractive for implementation. | Resumen -- Abstract -- Objetivo General -- Objetivos Específicos -- Planteamiento del Problema -- Justificación -- Delimitación del Proyecto -- Marco Teórico -- Beneficios de la Fitorremediación -- Desventajas de la Fitorremediación -- Marco Conceptual -- Metales Pesados -- Plomo -- Contaminación por Minería -- Fitorremediación -- Tipos de Fitorremediación -- Fitodegradación -- Fitoextracción -- Fitoestabilización -- Rizofiltración -- Fitovolatilización -- Fitoestimulación -- Marco Legal -- Metodología -- Recolección de Datos -- Análisis de Información -- Comparación de los Datos -- Recursos y Presupuestos -- Cronograma -- Resultados -- Análisis de Resultados -- Conclusiones -- Referencias Bibliográficas -- | Pregrado | Ingeniera Ambiental | juana.ballen@campusucc.edu.co

En los cultivos hortícolas establecidos en la Sabana de Bogotá los productores desarrollan actividades de riego utilizando las aguas del río Bogotá a través del distrito de riego La Ramada, que cubre unas 6.400 ha. Su uso ha generado una problemática de contaminación en las especies hortícolas causando deterioro de la calidad de los productos que en su mayoría son consumidos en fresco. El presente estudio se desarrolló en plantaciones de lechuga ('Coolguard'), apio ('Tall Utah'), repollo (híbrido Delus) y brócoli (híbrido Legacy) en una finca en Soacha (vereda Canoas), Cundinamarca, ubicada en la cuenca media del río Bogotá, analizando los niveles de metales pesados plomo (Pb), cadmio (Cd), arsénico (As) y mercurio (Hg) en agua, suelo y en la parte comestible de las plantas. Se encontró que las concentraciones de Cd en el agua del riego estuvieron cercanas a los límites establecidos por las normas vigentes nacionales e internacionales, mientras que los niveles en el suelo de las dos plantaciones estuvieron dentro del rango normal. La lechuga y el apio, a los 74 días después transplante, con 0,40 y 0,43 mg kg-1 peso fresco, respectivamente, presentaron contaminación con Cd superando el límite de la norma de la Unión Europea. Se discuten las posibles razones agroecológicas, fisiológicas y de muestreo para este comportamiento. En las cuatro hortalizas, la concentración de Pb superó la concentración máxima permitida en alimentos para lactantes y niños de corta edad establecida por la Unión Europea. En general, la lechuga acumuló niveles más altos de metales pesados que las otras tres especies. Palabras clave adicionales: lechuga, apio, repollo, brócoli, contaminación, cadmio, plomo, arsénico, mercurio. | In horticultural crops established in the Colombian Bogota Plateau, farmers develop activities of irrigation utilizing water of the Bogota river through the Irrigation District 'La Ramada' which is covering 6,400 ha of land. This water use generated a problem of contamination in these crops causing quality deterioration of the produce, which in mainly consumed freshly. The present study was carried out in plantations of lettuce ('Coolguard') celery ('Tall Utah'), cabbage (Delus hybrid) and broccoli (Legacy hybrid) in a farm in Soacha (Canoas vereda), Cundinamarca province. The farm is located in the middle part of the Bogota river and the heavy metals lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As) and mercury (Hg) in water, soil and edible part of plants were analyzed. It was found that concentrations of Cd in the irrigation water were near the limits established by national and international legal standards. Heavy metal levels of the soil in the two plantations were in the normal range. Lettuce and celery plants, at 74 days after transplanting, with 0.40 and 0.43 mg kg-1 fresh weight, respectively, were contaminated with Cd exceeding the limits of the European Union norms. Possible agroecological, physiological and sampling reasons for this behavior are discussed. In the four vegetables lead contents exceeded the maximum allowed concentration in foods for children still on milk-feeded and young children, established by the European Union. En general, lettuce plants accumulated higher levels of heavy metals than the other three vegetable species. Additional key words: lettuce, celery, cabbage, broccoli, contamination, heavy metals, cadmium, lead,arsenic, mercury.

Tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli tuottaa kansainvälisesti vertailtavaa tietoa suomalaisten viljelymaiden hivenalkuaineista. Aineistona käytettiin maanäytteitä, jotka oli kerätty kansallisen seurantaohjelman viimeisimmässä näytteiden keruussa vuonna 1998. Kyseisestä aineistosta valittiin 338 maanäytettä, jotka edustivat tasaisesti koko Suomen viljeltyä aluetta. Kukin näyte oli otettu neljänä osanäytteenä pellon muokkauskerroksesta. Näytteistä analysoitiin arseeni (As), kadmium (Cd), kromi (Cr), kupari (Cu), lyijy (Pb), elohopea (Hg), nikkeli (Ni), seleeni (Se), vanadiini (V) ja sinkki (Zn). Analyysi tehtiin kansainvälisen standardimenetelmän ISO 11466:n mukaisesti käyttäen kuningasvesiuuttoa (aqua regia). Tuloksista laskettiin tärkeimmät tilastolliset parametrit maalajiryhmittäin ja kasvinviljelyvyöhykkeittäin. Hivenalkuaineiden jakautumisesta pitoisuusluokkiin muotoiltiin graafiset esitykset ja pitoisuuksien maantieteellisestä jakaumasta teemakartat. Tutkimus oli osa vuosina 2004 2007 toteutettua, Maa- ja metsätalousministeriön rahoittamaa yhteistutkimushanketta Raskasmetallikuormitusten arviointi ja vähentäminen Suomen maatalousekosysteemeissä . Hankkeen tavoitteena oli ensinnäkin selvittää viljelymaiden raskasmetallipitoisuuksia valtakunnallisesti käyttäen kuningasvesiuuttoa. Toiseksi tutkittiin kasvinviljely- ja maidontuotantotilojen viljelymaan raskasmetallipitoisuuksia kuningasvesiuutteesta ja hapan (pH 4,65) ammoniumasetaatti-EDTA -uutteesta siten, että näytteet otettiin muokkauskerroksesta ja jankosta. Kolmanneksi hankkeessa analysoitiin raskasmetallien tilakohtaisia peltotaseita kasvinviljely- ja maidontuotantotiloilla. | This study was part of a three-year (2004-2007) project entitled Assessment and reduction of heavy metal inputs into Finnish agro-ecosystems that was funded by the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry in Finland. The aims of the project were to clarify: 1) aqua regia extractable trace elements in Finnish cultivated soils with the international standard method at a national level; 2) aqua regia and AAAc-EDTA extractable trace elements in the top- and subsoil of Finnish arable land at selected crop and dairy farms; and 3) field mass balances of trace elements on the selected crop and dairy farms at the farm level. The main aim of this study was to produce internationally comparable knowledge on the status of cultivated soils in Finland. From the soil material collected during the latest sampling process under the national monitoring programme in 1998, 338 samples were selected for this investigation. The sampling sites were situated evenly over the whole cultivated area in Finland. Samples taken as four sub-samples from the plough layer were analysed for arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), nickel (Ni), selenium (Se), vanadium (V) and zinc (Zn) using aqua regia extraction according to an international standard method (ISO 11466). General statistical indicators of the analytical results of trace element concentrations are presented by soil type groups and by plant cultivation zones. Distributions of the results into the concentration classes are shown graphically and geographical distributions of the trace element concentrations are presented on the thematic maps. | v | ok | Myynti MTT, Tietopalvelut 31600 Jokioinen. Yksikön huom.: MAA, MPL | MPL | Viljelymaiden seurantaohjelma Suomessa Hivenalkuaineiden kokonaispitoisuudet peltomaissa : vuonna 1998

Con el objetivo de determinar los niveles de plomo en agua, suelo y pasto se colectaron al azar 66 muestras de agua, 101 de suelo y 90 de pasto, en areas de pastoreo de cinco localidades del Valle de Lerma, Mexico. Las muestras de agua se colectaron de depositos naturales, el suelo se obtuvo realizando una excavacion regular y el pasto se obtuvo del mismo lugar de donde procedia el suelo. Estas fueron sometidas a extraccion y digestion acida, con el empleo de acido nitrico, sulfurico y clorhidrico. Las muestras se filtraron y aforaron a 25 mL y la lectura se realizo por medio del espectrofotometro de absorcion atomica. Para la evaluacion de los resultados se utilizo un diseno completamente al azar desbalanceado, con pruebas de comparacion de medias de Tukey. Los valores promedio y desviacion estandar generales para agua fueron: 1.132 +- 0.772 mg/kg, con un rango de 0.250 a 3.750; para suelos 25.963 +- 17.639 mg/kg con un rango de 4.740 a 108.980 mg/kg; para el pasto fueron de 17.026 +- 18.367 mg/kg, con un rango de 1.490 a 97.460 mg/kg. Los niveles encontrados en agua se encontraron dentro del nivel normal tolerable establecido por la OMS; los del suelo y pasto, estuvieron por arriba de lo permisible por dicha organizacion. Se encontro que el nivel mas alto de plomo en agua fue en la localidad de El Cerrillo, con una concentracion promedio de 1.565 mg/kg, la cual resulto diferente estadisticamente (P0.05) del resto de las localidades. En suelo, San Pedro Tultepec tuvo el nivel mas alto, con un promedio de 40.756 mg/kg, esta localidad junto con El Cerrillo resultaron estadisticamente diferentes (P0.05), con respecto a las demas. En pasto, Lerma con 38.277 mg/kg tuvo el nivel mas alto de concentracion, resultando diferente estadisticamente (P0.05) a las demas. Siendo estas localidades las de mayor concentracion industrial. Los niveles observados, tanto en suelo como en pasto reflejan un grado importante de contaminacion ambiental por plomo.

This work focuses on the geochemical processes taking place in the acid drainage in the Ribeira da Água Forte, located in the Aljustrel mining area in the Iberian Pyrite Belt. The approach involved water and stream sediment geochemical analyses, as well as other techniques such as sequential extraction, Mössbauer spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction. Ribeira da Água Forte is a stream that drains the area of the old mine dumps of the Aljustrel mine, which have for decades been a source of acid waters. This stream flows to the north for a little over than 10km, but mixes with a reduced, organic-rich, high pH waste water from the municipal waste water pools of the village. This water input produces two different results in the chemistry of the stream depending upon the season: (i) in the winter season, effective water mixing takes place, and the flux of acid water from the mine dumps is continuous, resulting in the immediate precipitation of the Fe from the acid waters; (ii) during the summer season, acid drainage is interrupted and only the waste water feeds the stream, resulting in the reductive dissolution of Fe hydroxides and hydroxysulfates in the stream sediments, releasing significant quantities of metals into solution. Throughout the year, water pH stays invariably within 4.0–4.5 for several meters downstream of this mixing zone even when the source waters come from the waste water pools, which have a pH around 8.4. The coupled interplay of dissolution and precipitation of the secondary minerals (hydroxides and sulfates), keeps the system pH between 3.9 and 4.5 all along the stream. In particular, evidence suggests that schwertmannite may be precipitating and later decomposing into Fe hydroxides to sustain the stream water pH at those levels. While Fe content decreases by 50% from solution, the most important trace metals are only slightly attenuated before the solution mixes with the Ribeira do Rôxo stream waters. Concentrations of As are the only ones effectively reduced along the flow path. Partitioning of Cu, Zn and Pb in the contaminated sediments also showed different behavior. Specific/non-specific adsorption is relevant for Cu and Zn in the upstream branch of Ribeira da Água Forte with acid drainage conditions, whereas the mixture with the waste water causes that the association of these metals with oxyhydroxide to be more important. Metals bound to oxyhydroxides are on the order of 60–70% for Pb, 50% for Cu and 30–60% for Zn. Organic matter is only marginally important around the waste water input area showing 2–8% Cu bound to this phase. These results also show that, although the mixing process of both acid and organic-rich waters can suppress and briefly mitigate some adverse effects of acid drainage, the continuing discharge of these waste waters into a dry stream promotes the remobilization of metals fixed in the secondary solid phases in the stream bed back into solution, a situation that can hardly be amended back to its original state.

En el sistema de abastecimiento de agua potable del municipio de Guatavita se han encontrado trazas de metales pesados como cadmio y plomo, los cuales pueden afectar la salud de la población al ingerir el agua potable contaminada, causando una afectación en el sistema digestivo, nervioso, óseo y reproductor. Teniendo en cuenta la toxicidad de estos metales se realizó un muestreo simple teniendo como objetivo determinar las concentraciones de ambos metales pesados en las diferentes muestras de agua tomadas en diferentes puntos del sistema de abastecimiento y en diferentes meses para poder determinar la variabilidad de los contaminantes en diferentes temporadas climáticas, por otra parte mediante una encuesta realizada en diferentes predios del casco urbano de Guatavita se caracterizó la población y se tuvo una percepción de la salud de los habitantes en relación a los contaminantes encontrados en las muestras de agua analizadas. Con los datos analizados en laboratorio de cadmio y plomo y los recolectados en las encuestas, se realizó un análisis estadístico que permitió evidenciar la posible relación entre los metales de estudio y enfermedades de tipo gastrointestinal y osteomuscular. Palabras clave: cadmio, plomo, sistema de abastecimiento, agua potable, muestreo, salud. | Traces of heavy metals such as cadmium and lead have been found in the drinking water supply system of the municipality of Guatavita, which can affect the health of the population by ingesting contaminated drinking water, causing an affectation in the digestive system, nervous, bone and reproductive. Taking into account the toxicity of these metals, a simple sampling was carried out with the objective of determining the concentrations of both heavy metals in the different water samples taken at different points of the supply system, on the other hand by means of a survey carried out in different properties The population was characterized from the urban area of Guatavita and there was a perception of the health of the inhabitants in relation to the contaminants found in the water samples analyzed in the CONOSER LTDA laboratory. With the data analyzed in the cadmium and lead laboratory and those collected in the surveys, a statistical analysis was carried out that shows the possible relationship between the study metals and gastrointestinal and musculoskeletal diseases. Keywords: cadmium, Lead, supply system, drinking water, sampling, health. | Ingeniero Ambiental | http://unidadinvestigacion.usta.edu.co | Pregrado

The processes that affect water chemistry as the water flows from recharge areas through breccia-pipe uranium deposits in the Grand Canyon region of the southwestern United States are not well understood. Pigeon Spring had elevated uranium in 1982 (44 μg/L), compared to other perched springs (2.7–18 μg/L), prior to mining operations at the nearby Pigeon Mine. Perched groundwater springs in an area around the Pigeon Mine were sampled between 2009 and 2015 and compared with material from the Pigeon Mine to better understand the geochemistry and hydrology of the area. Two general groups of perched groundwater springs were identified from this study; one group is characterized by calcium sulfate type water, low uranium activity ratio ²³⁴U/²³⁸U (UAR) values, and a mixture of water with some component of modern water, and the other group by calcium-magnesium sulfate type water, higher UAR values, and radiocarbon ages indicating recharge on the order of several thousand years ago. Multivariate statistical principal components analysis of Pigeon Mine and spring samples indicate Cu, Pb, As, Mn, and Cd concentrations distinguished mining-related leachates from perched groundwater springs. The groundwater potentiometric surface indicates that perched groundwater at Pigeon Mine would likely flow toward the northwest away from Pigeon Spring. The geochemical analysis of the water, sediment and rock samples collected from the Snake Gulch area indicate that the elevated uranium at Pigeon Spring is likely related to a natural source of uranium upgradient from the spring and not likely related to the Pigeon Mine.