En este artículo se presenta la caracterización del agua lluvia en varias regiones del planeta y se propone una planta de tratamiento de agua potable (PTAP) para una población de cien habitantes, como alternativa sustentable porque no explota ningún cuerpo de agua (Castellanos, 2019). | This article presents studies on rainwater characterization in different regions of the planet and proposes a WTP for a population of a hundred inhabitants, as a sustainable alternative because it does not exploit any body of water.

This publication provides guidance to water-sector decision makers and planners on how to deal with the quality dimension of groundwater resources management in the World Bank's client countries. There is growing evidence of increasing pollution threats to groundwater and some well-documented cases of irreversible damage to important aquifers. This guide has been produced in the belief that groundwater pollution hazard assessment must become an essential part of environmental best practice for water supply utilities. The guide is particularly relevant for the World Bank's Latin American and Caribbean Region, where many countries have initiated major changes to modernize their institutional and legal framework for water resources management, but may not yet have considered groundwater at the same level as surface water, because of lack of awareness and knowledge of groundwater issues and policy options.

El método de extracción de aguas por medio de pozos artesanales es muy útil en áreas carentes de ríos o cuerpos de agua superficiales cercanas, lo que nos da paso a el uso del agua subterránea ya que es utilizada para el abastecimiento de agua potable, tanto en viviendas individuales, como en aglomeraciones urbanas, en proyectos agropecuarios para riego y para uso animal. Uno de los aspectos que hacen particularmente útil el agua subterránea para el consumo humano es la menor contaminación a la que está sometida y la capacidad de filtración del suelo que la hace generalmente más pura que las aguas superficiales. El presente trabajo tiene como objeto diseñar un sistema de bombeo para la finca Esperanza ubicada en el municipio Espinal- Tolima, que mejore el sistema instalado actualmente, supla la demanda hídrica de los habitantes de la finca, y siendo económicamente viable. Para este estudio se aplicó la metodología de tipo Cuantitativa, con diseño No-Experimental, puesto que para cumplir con las hipótesis propuestas, se tomó información del área tal cual como esta se presenta sin modificar ninguna variable. De los cuatro tanques de almacenamiento que posee la finca, solo uno muestra insuficiencia del recurso almacenado para suplir las necesidades hídricas para lo cual está destinado; por ende se realiza un análisis de comparación de eficiencia entre ambos sistemas donde se obtuvo un promedio estimado de mejoría del 27% con la implementación del sistema propuesto. A su vez se diseñó el sistema con base en las especificaciones técnicas, con .estándares mínimos de calidad; sin embargo, al ser un sistema aplicado a un grupo tan limitado, no es posible cumplir algunas especificaciones ya que estas son aplicadas a sistemas de abastecimiento para comunidades más grandes. Finalmente, este estudio se ve reflejado en un plano diseñado para ilustrar, mediante una representación gráfica, la instalación del sistema propuesto | Water extraction method through artisan water wells is effective at areas lacking rivers or nearby surface water bodies. Thus, this method entails to use groundwater since it is used to supply drinking water to individual houses, in urban agglomerations, in agricultural projects for irrigation and for animal use. Correspondingly, many industries consume large amounts of water by the use of this resource. One of the aspects that make groundwater particularly useful for human consumption is the less pollution subjected to it. As well as, the filtering capacity of the soil makes the groundwater purer than surface water. The purpose of this work is to design a pumping system for the Esperanza farm located in the Espinal-Tolima municipality. This will improve the system currently installed by supplying the water demand of the inhabitants of the farm, and being affordable. For this study, the quantitative methodology was applied, with a Non-Experimental design, since to comply with the proposed hypotheses. The information was taken from the study´s area as it is presented without modifying any variable. Of the four storage tanks that the farm owns, only one shows insufficient storage resources to supply the water needs for which it is intended. Therefore, an efficiency comparison analysis is performed between both systems, where an estimated average improvement of 27% was obtained with the implementation of the proposed system. At the same time, the system was designed based on technical specifications, with minimum quality standards. However, how it is a system applied to such a limited group, it is not possible to obey some specifications since these are applied to supply systems for larger communities. Finally, this study is reflected in a plan designed to illustrate, through a graphic representation, the installation of the proposed system.

In order to move operational efficiency from the water system supply (Waterworks, i.e. a combined water purification plant and pumping station) forecast water consumption values 24 h ahead are required. The objective of this paper is to develop mathematical model forecast water consumption 24 h ahead for Nobres city, Mato Grosso State, in Brazil. The methodology developed comprises the following steps: (1) literature review; (2) gathering and data analysis (water consumption and climatic); (3) proposal of a model forecast water consumption; (4) calibration and verification of the proposed model; and, (5) application of model. The mathematical modelling techniques employed were Linear Regression, Fourier Series and Expert System. The results indicated that there is error average percentage of less than 10% of model indicating that provided a good fit and can be used to predict water consumption. It can be concluded that the model development which may be used for operational planning the Waterworks study. | Para obter eficiência operacional em sistema de abastecimento de água (SAA) a previsão de consumo de água em curto prazo (para o próximo dia) é necessária. Esse trabalho teve o objetivo de desenvolver um modelo matemático de previsão do consumo diário de água da cidade de Nobres, Estado de Mato Grosso, no Brasil. As etapas metodologicas realizadas foram: (1) revisão de literatura; (2) descrição da área de estudo; (3) coleta e análise de dados (consumo de água e clima); (4) proposição de modelo de previsão de consumo diário de água; (5) calibração e verificação do modelo; (6) aplicação de modelo. As técnicas de modelagem matemática empregadas foram regressão linear, Séries de Fourier e sistema especialista. Os resultados indicaram um erro médio percentual do modelo inferior a 10% indicando que apresentou bom ajuste e pode ser utilizado para prever o consumo de água. Como principal conclusão apresenta-se que o modelo desenvolvido que pode ser utilizado para o planejamento operacinal do SAA estudado.

Se acondicionó un invernadero experimental en Jiutepec, Morelos, México, para llevar a cabo la producción de un cultivo de nochebuena bajo condiciones de ambiente protegido de agosto a noviembre de 2012. Se dio un seguimiento preciso tanto a las condiciones climáticas como al desarrollo fenológico del cultivo. Los siguientes parámetros meteorológicos se registraron en intervalos de 15 min, al interior y al exterior del invernadero: velocidad y dirección del viento, radiación solar, temperatura y humedad relativa. Como referencia, se midió también la precipitación fuera del invernadero. El requerimiento de riego o evapotranspiración (ET) real (ETr) de la nochebuena se midió con ocho microlisímetros de balance en macetas de polietileno de 15 cm de diámetro con sustrato hoja/tezontle/fibra de coco en proporción 60:20:20, resultando en 40, 70, 150 y 122 mL día-1 en las semanas 1, 4, 10 y 13 después del trasplante (DDT), respectivamente. Con base en los datos de los sensores meteorológicos se estimó la ET de referencia (ETo) usando el algoritmo de Penman Monteith (PM) dentro y fuera del invernadero. Se calculó el coeficiente de cultivo (Kc), semanal y mensual de la nochebuena en invernadero, a partir de información climática dentro, resultando en Kc de 0.22, 0.44, 0.54 y 0.43 en las semanas 1, 5, 11 y 13 DDT y de 0.21, 0.36, 0.39 y 0.3 en los meses 1, 2, 3 y 4 DDT, respectivamente. | An experimental greenhouse was conditioned in Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico, to carry out the production of poinsettia crop under protected ambient conditions, from August to November 2012. Giving an accurately follow for both, the climatic conditions and the phenological development of the crop. The following meteorological parameters were recorded every 15 min, inside and outside the greenhouse: Wind speed and direction, solar radiation, temperature and relative humidity. For reference, the precipitation was also measured outside the greenhouse. The irrigation requirement or evapotranspiration (ET) Real (ETr) of the poinsettia was measured with eight weighing microlysimeters in polyethylene pots 15 cm in diameter with leaf/tezontle/coir substrate in proportion of 60:20:20, resulting at 40, 70, 150 and 122 mL day-1 at the weeks 1, 4, 10 and 13 after transplanting (DAT), respectively. Based on data from weather sensors reference ET (ETo) is estimated using the algorithm of Penman Monteith (PM) in and out of the greenhouse. The poinsettia crop coefficient (Kc) was weekly and monthly measured in the greenhouse based in the inside climate information, resulting in Kc of 0.22, 0.44, 0.54 and 0.43 at the weeks 1, 5, 11 and 13 DDT and 0.21, 0.36, 0.39 and 0.3 at months 1, 2, 3 and 4 DDT, respectively.

Climate change is at the top of the development agenda in Central America. This region, together with the Caribbean, is highly vulnerable to the effects of climate change in Latin America. Climate change is manifesting itself through higher average temperatures and more frequent droughts that result in higher water stress, and through the rising frequency of extreme weather events such as tropical storms, hurricanes, floods and landslides, all of which pose significant challenges in the rural water supply and sanitation sector. The paper starts with a review of the historic data on temperature and precipitation trends in Central America and particularly at the regional level in Nicaragua. The data reveal a clear trend of the growing climate variability, increased water stress for crops, and greater frequency of extreme weather events. The rising intensity and frequency of ex-treme weather events is among the most critical risks to the region's development agenda, and they translate into high economic losses. This paper examines the impacts and implications of potential climate change on water resources in Nicaragua and makes key recommendations to integrate climate change and rural water supply and sanitation policies and programs in a way that increase resilience to current and future climate conditions. | 0

Se acondicionó un invernadero experimental en Jiutepec, Morelos, México, para llevar a cabo la producción de un cultivo de nochebuena bajo condiciones de ambiente protegido de agosto a noviembre de 2012. Se dio un seguimiento preciso tanto a las condiciones climáticas como al desarrollo fenológico del cultivo. Los siguientes parámetros meteorológicos se registraron en intervalos de 15 min, al interior y al exterior del invernadero: velocidad y dirección del viento, radiación solar, temperatura y humedad relativa. Como referencia, se midió también la precipitación fuera del invernadero. El requerimiento de riego o evapotranspiración (ET) real (ETr) de la nochebuena se midió con ocho microlisímetros de balance en macetas de polietileno de 15 cm de diámetro con sustrato hoja/tezontle/fibra de coco en proporción 60:20:20, resultando en 40, 70, 150 y 122 mL día-1 en las semanas 1, 4, 10 y 13 después del trasplante (DDT), respectivamente. Con base en los datos de los sensores meteorológicos se estimó la ET de referencia (ETo) usando el algoritmo de Penman Monteith (PM) dentro y fuera del invernadero. Se calculó el coeficiente de cultivo (Kc), semanal y mensual de la nochebuena en invernadero, a partir de información climática dentro, resultando en Kc de 0.22, 0.44, 0.54 y 0.43 en las semanas 1, 5, 11 y 13 DDT y de 0.21, 0.36, 0.39 y 0.3 en los meses 1, 2, 3 y 4 DDT, respectivamente. | An experimental greenhouse was conditioned in Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico, to carry out the production of poinsettia crop under protected ambient conditions, from August to November 2012. Giving an accurately follow for both, the climatic conditions and the phenological development of the crop. The following meteorological parameters were recorded every 15 min, inside and outside the greenhouse: Wind speed and direction, solar radiation, temperature and relative humidity. For reference, the precipitation was also measured outside the greenhouse. The irrigation requirement or evapotranspiration (ET) Real (ETr) of the poinsettia was measured with eight weighing microlysimeters in polyethylene pots 15 cm in diameter with leaf/tezontle/coir substrate in proportion of 60:20:20, resulting at 40, 70, 150 and 122 mL day-1 at the weeks 1, 4, 10 and 13 after transplanting (DAT), respectively. Based on data from weather sensors reference ET (ETo) is estimated using the algorithm of Penman Monteith (PM) in and out of the greenhouse. The poinsettia crop coefficient (Kc) was weekly and monthly measured in the greenhouse based in the inside climate information, resulting in Kc of 0.22, 0.44, 0.54 and 0.43 at the weeks 1, 5, 11 and 13 DDT and 0.21, 0.36, 0.39 and 0.3 at months 1, 2, 3 and 4 DDT, respectively.