In the southwestern United States, precipitation in the high mountains is a primary source of groundwater recharge. Precipitation patterns, soil properties and vegetation largely control the rate and timing of groundwater recharge. The interactions between climate, soil and mountain vegetation thus have important implications for the groundwater supply. This study took place in the Sacramento Mountains, which is the recharge area for multiple regional aquifers in southern New Mexico. The stable isotopes of oxygen and hydrogen were used to determine whether infiltration of precipitation is homogeneously distributed in the soil or whether it is partitioned among soil-water ‘compartments’, from which trees extract water for transpiration as a function of the season. The results indicate that “immobile” or “slow” soil water, which is derived primarily from snowmelt, infiltrates soils in a relatively uniform fashion, filling small pores in the shallow soils. “Mobile” or “fast” soil water, which is mostly associated with summer thunderstorms, infiltrates very quickly through macropores and along preferential flow paths, evading evaporative loss. It was found that throughout the entire year, trees principally use immobile water derived from snowmelt mixed to differing degrees with seasonally available mobile-water sources. The replenishment of these different water pools in soils appears to depend on initial soil-water content, the manner in which the water was introduced to the soil (snowmelt versus intense thunderstorms), and the seasonal variability of the precipitation and evapotranspiration. These results have important implications for the effect of climate change on recharge mechanisms in the Sacramento Mountains.

Memoria para optar al Título Profesional de Ingeniera en Recursos Naturales Renovables | El agua es un componente esencial para el desarrollo de la vida en la Tierra, ya que garantiza la sostenibilidad de los ecosistemas y suministra las bases para la satisfacción de necesidades humanas. A escala mundial la extracción de agua está representada en un 12% por el uso doméstico, en un 19% por el uso industrial y en un 69% por la agricultura, generándose conflictos de uso y sobreexplotación del recurso. Es por esto que la Eficiencia en el Uso del Agua (EUA), es un concepto que cada vez toma mayor protagonismo en la gestión hídrica, ya que plantea la reducción del consumo o de la intensidad de uso por medio de variables técnicas, organizativas, jurídicas y económicas.

Las estaciones de lavado de vehículos convencionales son uno de los sectores de servicios que más consume agua en su proceso productivo, incumpliendo con las normas ambientales y gastando bienes económicos tanto propios con el alto pago del servicio público de acueducto y alcantarillado como públicos en los recursos destinados al tratamiento de estas aguas por parte de la Empresa de Acueducto y Alcantarillado de Bogotá. Dimensionando esta problemática se analiza que los establecimientos de lavado de vehículos no cuentan con las bases de orientación hacia el cumplimiento de una política de ahorro y uso eficiente del agua que les beneficie en todos los aspectos. Por tal motivo el presente trabajo de grado contemplo el estudio de caso de la estación de lavado de vehículos “Los Ángeles”, específicamente la implementación y funcionamiento de la planta de tratamiento y recirculación de agua residual con la que cuentan al observarla como una tecnología de fácil adquisición, operación y funcionamiento. Para probar esta hipótesis se llevó a cabo un diagnóstico y evaluación técnicoperativo, ambiental y económico de dicha Planta de Tratamiento y Agua Residual (PTAR), donde se determinó que para el caso en particular se deben corregir ciertos parámetros para que la PTAR sea totalmente eficiente y donde se concluyó a modo general que los puntos técnicos, operativo, ambiental y económico en su mayoría son eficientes. Este tipo de PTAR es un modelo para los demás establecimientos de lavado de vehículos convencionales al analizar la relación costo beneficio que tiene, se formuló las bases para la implementación de una Planta de Tratamiento y Recirculación de Agua Residual dirigida a los lavaderos de vehículos de manera asequible e instructiva para el conocimiento y posible implementación de este tipo de tecnología. | The wash stations of conventional cars are one of the most services sectors which consume water in the productive process, breaking with the environmental standards and spending economic goods both own with the high payment of the public service of aqueduct and sewer as public resources which are destined for the treatment of water by the aqueduct and sewer company of Bogotá. Measuring this issue, it is possible to analyze that the wash stations of conventional cars do not posse the bases of orientation towards fulfillment of a saving policy and efficient use of water which will benefit them in all the aspects. For that reason, this work of degree contemplate the study of case of the car wash stations “Los Angeles”, specifically the implementation and functioning of the plant of treatment and recirculation with which account, observing this as a technology of easy acquisition, operation and performance. To prove the hypothesis, it was carried out technique-operative, environmental and economically diagnostic of the mentioned plant of treatment of residual water (PTRW) where this particular case must correct certain parameters, in order that the PTRW gets totally efficient and where it concluded that the technical point, operative, environmental and economic in the majority are efficient. This type of PTRW is a model for other wash conventional vehicles places, to analyze the cost-benefit ratio that is, the basis for the implementation of a treatment plant and Recycling Wastewater aimed at car washes places was formulated an affordable and instructive for understanding and possible implementation of this kind of technology.

Indigenous peoples in Latin American and the Caribbean (LAC) are 10 to 25 percent less likely to have access to piped water and 26 percent less likely to have access to improved sanitation solutions than the region’s non-indigenous population. Historically, Indigenous peoples have been marginalized from the development process in their own countries and still suffer discrimination from the mainstream societies today. Oftentimes, Indigenous territories are overlooked or avoided by Water Supply and Sanitation (WSS) project planners and proponents given their lack of understanding of how to engage or carry out projects in collective or semi-autonomous Indigenous territories, the remoteness of these areas, and the high associated per capita cost of a potential operation, among other reasons. The significant gap in Indigenous peoples’ access to WSS services, a basic human right that is closely linked to economic and social wellbeing, alongside the lack of established tools in the sector to guide engagement in Indigenous territories, motivated the creation of this Toolkit. The objective of the Toolkit is to provide practical guidance and operational tools to improve the inclusion of, engagement with, and delivery of sustainable WSS services to Indigenous peoples in LAC in order to permanently close the WSS service gap. The Toolkit summarizes the findings of interviews, consultations, and field visits carried out by a multi-sector, multi-national World Bank Team in 37 Indigenous communities located in urban, peri-urban and rural areas in seven LAC countries where the World Bank or other development actors had implemented WSS projects with Indigenous peoples.

The present had the purpose of expanding the hydrogeochemical knowledge of the aquifer in the area of ​​the sub-basin of the Acahuapa River, in the department of San Vicente. Samples were collected from 10 points in the surface waters of the water network of the sub-basin. The samplings were carried out in the dry and rainy season during the period from February 2011 to August 2012. The parameters analyzed were cation data (Na, K, Ca, Mg, total Fe) and anions (HCO-3 , Cl-, SO-24, CaCO3-2), as well as carbonates in order to determine the mass balance and flow of CO2 gas. In addition, physicochemical parameters of temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH and electrical conductivity. Such analyzes are sufficient for the study of the main chemical processes in most aquifers and their relationships with hydrological systems. In general, it was concluded that the chemical behavior of the aquifer in the Acahuapa river sub-basin in both rainy and dry seasons is similar, and that the predominant water families are bicarbonate magnesium and calcium bicarbonate. The bicarbonated waters are bad for irrigation, due to the fixation of ions in the ground and creation of an alkaline environment. | El presente tuvo la finalidad de ampliar el conocimiento hidrogeoquímico del acuífero en la zona de la subcuenca del río Acahuapa, en el departamento de San Vicente. Se recolectaron muestras de 10 puntos en las aguas superficiales de la red hídrica de la subcuenca.  Los muestreos se llevaron a cabo en la época seca y lluviosa durante el periodo comprendido de febrero de 2011 hasta agosto de 2012.   Los parámetros analizados fueron datos de cationes (Na, K, Ca, Mg, Fe total) y aniones (HCO-3, Cl-, SO-24, CaCO3-2), así como de carbonatos con el fin de determinar el balance de masa y flujo de gas CO2. Además, parámetros fisicoquímicos de temperatura, oxígeno disuelto, pH y conductividad eléctrica. Tales análisis son suficientes para el estudio de los principales procesos químicos en la mayoría de los acuíferos y sus relaciones con los sistemas hidrológicos. De forma general se concluyó que el comportamiento químico del acuífero en la subcuenca del río Acahuapa en ambas épocas lluviosa y seca, es similar, y que las familias de agua predominantes son bicarbonatadas magnésicas y cálcicas bicarbonatadas. Las aguas bicarbonatadas son malas para riego, debido a la fijación de iones en el terreno y creación de un medio alcalino.

Amebas de vida livre (AVL) são protozoários amplamente distribuídos na natureza e em ambientes artificiais. Alguns gêneros são oportunistas ou patogênicos, com característica anfizóica, são esses: Acanthamoeba spp., Naegleria spp., Balamuthia spp., Sappinia spp., e recentemente Vermamoeba spp. AVL podem servirem de reservatórios de várias bactérias patogênicas, uma vez que se alimentam dessas no ambiente por fagocitose, algumas espécies de bactérias após internalizadas escapam da via de degradação sobrevivem e multiplicam-se no interior das amebas. Face ao exposto, o presente trabalho objetivou isolar e identificar AVL e as bactérias associadas presentes em águas de torres de resfriamento, cuja temperatura da água varia entre 25 a 30°C (ideal para o desenvolvimento de diversos microrganismos). Amebas foram isoladas em cultivo monoxênico com Escherichia coli inativadas pelo calor. Das amostras positivas, foram realizadas Reações em Cadeia de Polimerase (PCR), utilizando oligonucleotídeos específicos para cada gênero. Os produtos das PCR foram sequenciados e as sequências geradas foram comparadas com sequências parciais de cada gene alvo depositadas no GenBank. Das 36 amostras, 33 (91,66%) foram positivas para presença de AVL, destas 15 (45,4%) foram positivas para Acanthamoeba spp., 12 (36,3%) para Naegleria spp., 6 (18,2%) para Vermamoeba spp. Dos endossimbiontes pesquisados, somente Pseudomonas spp. foram identificadas em 13 (39,3%) isolados de AVL. Os resultados obtidos no presente estudo confirmam a presença de amebas de vida livre potencialmente patogênicas e carreadoras de bactérias patogênicas oportunistas que podem representar um risco à saúde humana. | Free-living amoebae (FLA) are protozoa widely distributed in natural and artificial environments. Some genus are opportunistic or pathogenic, with anfizoic feature : Acanthamoeba spp., Naegleria spp., Balamuthia spp., Sappinia spp., and recently Vermamoeba spp. AVL may serve as reservoirs for various pathogenic bacteria, since they feed by phagocytosis in the environment, some species of bacteria after internalized escape to the pathway of degradation surviving and multiplying within the amoebae. The aim of this study was to isolate and identify FLA and their associated bacteria present in water from cooling tower, whose temperature water varies between 25 to 30 °C (ideal for the development of different organisms). Amoebae were isolated in monoxenic cultivation with Escherichia coli inactivated by heat. Of the positive samples Polymerase Chain Reactions (PCR) were performed using specific primers for each genus. The PCR products were sequenced and the sequences were generated compared with partial sequences of each gene target deposited in GenBank. From the 36 samples, 33 (91.66%) were positive for the presence of FLA. Of these, 15 (45.4%) were positive for Acanthamoeba spp., 12 (36.3%) for Naegleria spp. and 6 (18.2 %) for Vermamoeba spp. Of the amoeba isolated, 13 (39.3%) were associated to bacteria wich belong to Pseudomonas genus (100%). Another bacteria investigated were absent. The results of this study confirm the presence of potentially pathogenic free-living amoebae as vehicles of opportunistic/pathogenic bacteria that can pose a risk to the human health.

<p class="ResumoeAbstract"><span lang="EN-US">This paper presents the results of the development of instrumentation that enables sufficiently precise measurement of energy and water consumption of a small installation. The proposed prototypes allow the measurement of the electrical power consumed from the grid and the water flow drained from the supply system as functions of time. Through the temporal power and flow curves is possible to obtain, throughout numerical calculation (integration), the consumption of energy and water. Given the social problem created by the energy and water crisis, one of the objectives of the work is to find a shortage of physical measures that permit, at low cost, better management of energy and water conservation actions. Because of the low cost contour and choice of an open source system, we used the Arduino microcontroller. In addition, the objective is the future use of the instruments and their acquired knowledge, as a teaching object in the course of production engineering. In the body are presented: the stages of development, construction details and both sensors calibration methods. The results obtained during the calibration of the sensors indicate an accuracy that is consistent with the measurement needs and proposed objectives.</span> | O presente trabalho apresenta os resultados do desenvolvimento de instrumentação que possibilita a medição suficientemente precisa dos consumos de energia elétrica e de água de uma instalação de pequeno porte. Os protótipos propostos permitem a medida da potência elétrica consumida da rede e da vazão de água drenada do sistema de abastecimento como funções do tempo. Através das curvas temporais de potência e vazão é possível a obtenção, via cálculo numérico, do consumo de energia e de água. Dado o problema social gerado pela crise energética e hídrica, um dos objetivos do trabalho é atender uma carência de medidas físicas que permitam, com baixo custo, o melhor gerenciamento de ações de conservação de energia e água. Em razão do contorno de baixo custo e opção por um sistema open source, foi utilizado o microcontrolador Arduíno. Além disso, objetiva-se a utilização futura do instrumental e os respectivos conhecimentos adquiridos, como objeto de ensino no curso de engenharia de produção. São apresentadas no corpo do trabalho as etapas de desenvolvimento, detalhes da construção e métodos de calibração de ambos os sensores. Os resultados obtidos no decorrer da calibração dos sensores indicam uma precisão compatível com as necessidades de medição e objetivos propostos.

The effect of indol-3-acetic acid (lAA) and calcium (Ca + +) on the flow of water through Nitella celIs was studied. Nitella cernua Braun was selected because it is possible to study the permeability of a single isolated cell. IAA was used at a concentration of 0,28 10-3 M and CaCI2 at 10-3 M. The effect of IAA on the isolated cells was confirmed by the increase of plasticity and permeability of the plasmalema of the treated cells with absorption and a consequent elimination of water. The effect was reversed by Ca ions. | Se estudió el efecto del ácido indolil-3-acético (AIA) y el del calcio sobre el flujo de agua en células de Nitella. Se escogió Nitella cernua Braun porque permite el estudio de la permeabilidad en un organismo unicelular. El AIA se usó en una concentración de 0,28 x 10-3 M y el CaCl2 en la de 10-3 M. Su efecto sobre las células aisladas se confirmó por el incremento de la plasticidad y la permeabilidad del plasmalema de las células tratadas y por la absorción y la consiguiente eliminación de agua. Este efecto se invirtió con iones de calcio.

El objetivo de este trabajo ha sido seleccionar modelos de cinta de riego con una mejor adaptación a las condiciones de invernadero y riego con aguas regeneradas. Se ha evaluado el comportamiento de 13 modelos comerciales de cintas de riego seleccionados de entre los más utilizados en los cultivos hortícolas al aire libre, y aquellos que, las empresas instaladoras y fabricantes consideren que, por sus características, pueden tener un buen comportamiento con este tipo de aguas. En la evaluación de campo todos los emisores han presentado valores de uniformidad elevados al comienzo de la campaña de riego. Cinco de las cintas se clasifican como excelentes y el resto como buenas. Al finalizar las 114 horas de trabajo decae sustancialmente la uniformidad. El comportamiento tras la finalización de la primera campaña de riego se puede considerar equiparable al obtenido en un estudio previo con una selección de 20 emisores en ramal convencional y este tipo de aguas. Se puede concluir que las cintas de riego localizado pueden ser una alternativa a los ramales de riego convencionales cuando se riega con aguas residuales urbanas regeneradas, siempre que se elija un material de una mínima calidad y el ratio de sustitución garantice una uniformidad alta.

La calidad del agua influye en un 95% o más en el éxito de la aplicación de herbicidas y uno de los aspectos que influye es el pH del agua. Unos herbicidas funcionan mejor con pH ácidos, pero el nicosulfuron es más eficaz a pH alcalinos. El objetivo fue determinar la efectividad del nicosulfuron con cuatro fuentes de agua y evaluar si bajar el pH del agua aumenta la efectividad. Se aplicaron en posemergencia 50 g de ingrediente activo con agua de cuatro fuentes sin modificar el pH y bajándolo con un regulador. El pH de las fuentes de agua era 5.94-8.27, la conductividad eléctrica 81.8-376.9 μS/cm y la dureza entre 1.6-73.5 mg/L, de manera que eran aptas para usarlas. Se usaron cuatro réplicas en lotes de 4 × 7 m. Las malezas presentes eran: Digitaria sanguinalis, Ixophorus unisetus, Eleusine indica, Amaranthus spp., Commelina diffusa, Galinsoga parviflora, Melampodium divaricatum, Portulaca oleracea y Cyperus spp. Se determinó visualmente el porcentaje de control de malezas con una escala de 0-100% a los 7, 14, 21 y 28 después de la aplicación. Al final del experimento, la efectividad del nicosulfuron sobre gramíneas y hoja ancha fue afectada por la fuente de agua hasta el día 14 después de la aplicación, pero al final del experimento, a los 21 y 28 días después de aplicación no fue afectada por la fuente de agua utilizada. El reducir el pH del agua no aumentó el control de malezas con nicosulfuron..