Abstract In this study, we made a review about carbon stocks and fluxes in Mexican freshwater wetlands. Data for carbon storage in roots, soil and biomass have been reported for marshes, forested wetlands and flooded grasslands in southeast Mexico: Veracruz, Chiapas and Yucatan. The largest carbon stock in freshwater wetlands is in the soil (150 Mg C ha-1 a 650 Mg C ha-1) and the forested wetlands showed the highest values. The carbon stock in the biomass ranges from 10 Mg C ha-1 to 162 Mg C ha-1, and forested wetlands showed the highest values. Carbon fluxes measured as litter fall have been reported for forested wetlands in Veracruz (6 Mg C ha-1 year-1 a 9 Mg C ha-1 year-1) only. Methane and carbon dioxide fluxes ranged from 0.01 mg C m-2 d-1 to 1244 mg C m-2 d-1, and 0.009 g C m-2 d-1 to 11 g C m-2 d-1 respectively for Veracruz and Tabasco wetlands. Such carbon fluxes increased up to ten times, when wetlands are transformed to grasslands. It is concluded that the number of publications and study sites on carbon dynamics in Mexican freshwater wetlands is still very small. Therefore, it is necessary to increase the research in this area and enact laws that protect these important carbon sinks. | Resumen Este trabajo hace una revisión bibliográfica sobre los almacenes y flujos de carbono en humedales de agua dulce en México. Se encontraron datos sobre almacenes de carbono en suelo, biomasa aérea y raíces en humedales herbáceos (popales, tulares y carrizales), humedales arbóreos (selvas inundables y palmares) y en humedales transformados en potreros que aún se inundan, para tres estados del sureste mexicano: Veracruz, Yucatán y Chiapas. El mayor almacén de carbono se ha registrado para el suelo de las selvas inundables (150 Mg C ha-1 a 650 Mg C ha-1). Los almacenes de carbono en la biomasa área de las selvas inundables fueron de 10 Mg C ha-1 a 162 Mg C ha-1, siendo también los valores más altos. Con respecto a los flujos de carbono medidos como caída de hojarasca en selvas inundables, solo se encontraron datos para Veracruz (6 Mg C ha-1 año-1 a 9 Mg C ha-1 año-1). Los flujos de metano y bióxido de carbono estuvieron en el intervalo de 0.01 mg C m-2 d-1 a 1244 mg C m-2 d-1 y 0.009 g C m-2 d-1 a 11 g C m-2 d-1 respectivamente, para Veracruz y Tabasco, y dichas emisiones aumentan hasta 10 veces en humedales transformados en potreros. Se concluye que aún son muy pocas las publicaciones y pocos los sitios estudiados sobre la dinámica del carbono en humedales de agua dulce, por lo que hay que incrementar la investigación en esta línea, ya que los humedales son importantes sumideros de carbono y es necesaria una legislación que proteja las reservas de carbono en estos ecosistemas.

Groundwater resources in Queensland (Australia) have been depleting in many aquifers for the last 100 years and natural recharge processes are not replenishing these resources at the rate of extraction. At the same time, the need to address carbon emissions to reach global climate-change targets is becoming increasingly recognised. Plentiful deep fresh groundwater is available but is difficult, and typically uneconomical, to access due to the high costs of borehole drilling and completion. The emerging concept of ‘enhanced water recovery’ (EWR) hypothesises that carbon dioxide (CO₂) injection into the deep aquifers will increase pressure, making groundwater more easily available at shallower depths across a broad region while simultaneously contributing to a reduction in CO₂ emissions. One example where this has been proposed is in the Great Artesian Basin’s Surat Basin in Queensland. The findings from a series of focus groups held with different stakeholders, including agricultural producers, rural residents, and urban residents, demonstrate how different groups perceived the risks and benefits of injecting CO₂ as part of the carbon capture and storage (CCS) process to raise borehole water levels. The paper discusses the trade-offs that the different stakeholder groups found more acceptable. The significance of this research is that it will be the first to publish public responses to an emerging technology that has the potential to provide multiple benefits in terms of climate-change mitigation and groundwater use.

This study presents a three-dimensional reactive transport model to simulate upward and lateral migration of CO₂ plumes under different scenarios through a leaky section of a plugged and abandoned well at a hypothetical CO₂ storage site into the Texas Gulf Coast Aquifer (TGCA). The TGCA is the most active region in research and operation of carbon capture, utilization, and storage, with the largest technically accessible resource of CO₂ storage, in the United States. The results suggest that dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) concentration and pH, better than Cl concentration (or total dissolved solids), can be indicators for leakage detection in the TGCA; DIC has earlier detection time than pH. The modeling results show that detection of CO₂ leakage in the shallow aquifers may take hundreds of years because of the confining unit in the TGCA, suggesting that (1) monitoring wells should be placed as deep as possible and (2) characterization of confining units in the overlying aquifer system is critical. Regional hydraulic gradient and groundwater pumping in the TGCA are important factors for monitoring well placement. While this study was conducted in the TGCA, the results provide valuable information for groundwater monitoring at other geological carbon sequestration sites.