Se determino bajo condiciones controladas, los requerimientos de frio y calor del cultivar de manzano agua nueva II, se evaluo en campo la acumulacion de frio, la necesidad de calor y la forma que afecta la aplicacion de estimuladores de brotacion, asi como la concentracion de carbohidratos durante el letargo. Se establecieron dos experimentos, bajo disenos bloques completamente al azar con arreglo de tratamiento factorial. Uno bajo condiciones controladas con 10 tratamientos en base a Unidades Frio (0, 200, 300, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 800 y 1000), proporcionadas a varetas colectadas cuando los arboles se defoliaron, a 6+-0.5 grados C y posteriormente en camara de ambiente controlado se proporciono calor (25 grados C, 11 horas de luz y 60-80 % de humedad relativa); el otro bajo condiciones de campo, donde se evaluaron los estimuladores dormex 10 ml L-1 y 20 ml L-1, solos y combinados con citrolina 10 ml L-1, mas el testigo sin aplicacion. El mejor tratamiento bajo condiciones controladas por porcentaje mas alto de brotacion estimada, fue el que recibio 550 Unidades de Frio (UF), con un requerimiento de calor de 24,108 Grados Hora Desarrollo, sin embargo los que recibieron 450, 500 y 600 estadisticamente fueron iguales. Se encontro una correlacion positiva significativa en el requerimiento de GHD grados C para brotacion vegetativa en condiciones controladas y de campo. Bajo condiciones de campo, el mejor fue dormex 20ml L-1 + citrolina 10ml L-1, que uniformizo e incremento el porcentaje de yemas vegetativas abiertas; para numero de racimos florales, amarre de fruto, rendimiento y variables de calidad, no hubieron diferencias significativas entre tratamientos. En cuanto a la concentracion de carbohidratos en periodo de letargo, la tendencia de los azucares solubles fue incrementar hacia la salida de letargo, lo contrario ocurrio en almidon, cuya concentracion disminuyo con la acumulacion de frio durante letargo y hacia inicio de brotacion en primavera.

Tomando en consideracion la importancia de buscar metodos de control de plagas del nopal (Opuntia spp.), preservando el ambiente, se probo el efecto de veinte aspersiones de agua helada (temperatura de cerca de 0 (grados centigrados), una cada tres dias, contra picudo barrenador (Cactophagus spinolae Gyll.), picudo de la espina (Cylindrocopturus birradiatus Champ.), chinche gris (Chelinidea tabulata Burm.) y chinche roja (Hesperolabops gelastops Kirk.), que estaban infestando a una plantacion en Milpa Alta, Mexico, D.F., en la etapa de crecimiento vegetativo y reproductivo. Se probaron dos tratamientos: aspersion de agua helada y testigo, bajo un diseno experimental completamente al azar con cinco repeticiones. Se logro la mortalidad de huevecillos en las cuatro plagas de un 70 a un 80 %; abatimiento de larvas de picudo barrenador y picudo de la espina de un 60 a 65 %, disminucion de ninfas en chinche gris y chinche roja, y se observo migracion de los adultos en las cuatro plagas hacia plantas no tratadas. | Taking into account the importance of finding new methods to control pests on Opuntia spp., taking care of the environmental preservation, the effect of cold water (close to 0 (centigrades)) against Cactophagus spinolae Gyll., Cylindrocopturus birradiatus Champ., Chelinidea tabulata Burm. and Hesperolabops gelastops Kirk. was investigated, in Milpa Alta, Mexico, D.F.; twenty water sprays applications, one every three days, were done. Eggs mortality of all the four species was 70-80 %; larvae death of Cactophagus spinolae Gyll. and Cylindrocopturus birradiatus Champ. was 60-65 %; and there was a reduction of ninphae of Cheliniddea tabulata Burm. and Hesperolabops gelastops Kirk. Cold water treatments produced migration of all the four species adults from treated plants to nontreated ones.

The objective of this research was to determine the requirement in chilling units (CU) and growing degree hours (GDH) of apple (Malus pumila Mill). cv. "Agua Nueva II" cuttings under controled environment conditions, and also to evaluate the effect of budbreak promoters on four years-old apple trees under field conditions The highest percentage of vegetative budbreak corresponded to 550 CU and 24 108 GDH, which were statistically equal to those treatments with 450, 500 and 600 CU. Among the budbreak treatments, Dormex at 20 mL Lsup-1 plus winter oil at 10 mL Lsup-1, gave the highest vegetative budbreak. The percentage of vegetative budbreak under controlled conditions and the control under field conditions correlated with the GDH requirement (r=0.88* ) | La investigacion tuvo como objetivo determinar el requerimiento de undiades frio (UF) y grados hora desarrollo (GHD) de varetas en condiciones controladas, asi como evaluar el efecto de estimuladores de la brotacion en arboles de 4 anos en condiciones de campo, de manzano (Malus pumila Mill.) variedad "Agua Nueva II". El mayor porcentaje de brotacion correspondio a 550 UF y 24 108 GHD, aunque sin diferencia significativa con los tratamientos de 450, 500 y 600 UF. La aspersion foliar de 20 mL de Dormex Lsup-1 +10 mL Lsup-1 de citrolina propicio aun mas la brotacion en condiciones controladas y la del testigo sin aplicacion de estimuladores en condiciones de campo, correlacionaron con la acumulacion de calor (r=0.88* )

An analytical solution to describe the transient temperature distribution in a geothermal reservoir in response to injection of cold water is presented. The reservoir is composed of a confined aquifer, sandwiched between rocks of different thermo-geological properties. The heat transport processes considered are advection, longitudinal conduction in the geothermal aquifer, and the conductive heat transfer to the underlying and overlying rocks of different geological properties. The one-dimensional heat transfer equation has been solved using the Laplace transform with the assumption of constant density and thermal properties of both rock and fluid. Two simple solutions are derived afterwards, first neglecting the longitudinal conductive heat transport and then heat transport to confining rocks. Results show that heat loss to the confining rock layers plays a vital role in slowing down the cooling of the reservoir. The influence of some parameters, e.g. the volumetric injection rate, the longitudinal thermal conductivity and the porosity of the porous media, on the transient heat transport phenomenon is judged by observing the variation of the transient temperature distribution with different values of the parameters. The effects of injection rate and thermal conductivity have been found to be profound on the results.

In the unlined Tuxbach water transfer tunnel, running between Hintertux (1,500 m asl) and the Schlegeis Reservoir (Austria), a local geothermal anomaly with temperatures up to 14.6 °C exists. These temperatures are around 3 °C higher than expected, considering the tunnel’s shallow depth, together with its surrounding alpine environment and regional heat flow. This is especially noticeable because the temperatures have remained stable since the tunnel’s construction in 1969, although the tunnel is generally cooling the surrounding rock massive. The objective of this investigation is to explain the origin of the anomaly with hydrogeological methods and to evaluate the hydrogeological properties of the gneisses exposed in the tunnel. The anomaly is caused by the high hydraulic conductivity (~2.5∙10⁻⁵ m s⁻¹) within a narrow shear-zone core, part of the Tux Shear Zones in the Ahorn Gneiss Core. The zone triggers fast groundwater transport over 1.5 km from both sides towards the tunnel. One reason is that the morphology provides thicker overburden with growing distance from the tunnel and therefore higher temperatures on the same horizontal level in the directions of the fault plane. The second explanation is that the narrowness of the shear zone permits effective heat transfer similar to a heat exchanger. No hydrothermal water share is recognizable; instead, mainly cold glacial melt water and snow contribute to the section of the anomaly and all other runouts of the tunnel. Factually based results show the disproportionately high contribution of snow and glaciers to the groundwater recharge in this alpine hard-rock aquifer.

Application of the gravity-driven regional groundwater flow (GDRGF) concept to the hydrogeologically complex thick carbonate system of the Transdanubian Range (TR), Hungary, is justified based on the principle of hydraulic continuity. The GDRGF concept informs about basin hydraulics and groundwater as a geologic agent. It became obvious that the effect of heterogeneity and anisotropy on the flow pattern could be derived from hydraulic reactions of the aquifer system. The topography and heat as driving forces were examined by numerical simulations of flow and heat transport. Evaluation of groups of springs, in terms of related discharge phenomena and regional chloride distribution, reveals the dominance of topography-driven flow when considering flow and related chemical and temperature patterns. Moreover, heat accumulation beneath the confined part of the system also influences these patterns. The presence of cold, lukewarm and thermal springs and related wetlands, creeks, mineral precipitates, and epigenic and hypogenic caves validates the existence of GDRGF in the system. Vice versa, groups of springs reflect rock–water interaction and advective heat transport and inform about basin hydraulics. Based on these findings, a generalized conceptual GDRGF model is proposed for an unconfined and confined carbonate region. An interface was revealed close to the margin of the unconfined and confined carbonates, determined by the GDRGF and freshwater and basinal fluids involved. The application of this model provides a background to interpret manifestations of flowing groundwater in thick carbonates generally, including porosity enlargement and hydrocarbon and heat accumulation.

The impact of groundwater withdrawals on the interaction between multi-layered aquifers with different water qualities in the Viterbo geothermal area (central Italy) was studied. In this area, deep thermal waters are used to supply thermal spas and public pools. A shallow overlying aquifer carries cold and fresh water, used for irrigation and the local drinking-water supply. Starting with a conceptual hydrogeological model, two simplified numerical models were implemented: a steady-state flow model of the entire groundwater system, and a steady-state flow and heat transport model of a representative area, which included complex interactions between the aquifers. The impact of increased withdrawals associated with potential future development of the thermal aquifer must be considered in terms of the water temperature of the existing thermal sources. However, withdrawals from the shallow aquifer might also influence the discharge of thermal sources and quality of the water withdrawn from the shallow wells. The exploitation of the two aquifers is dependent on the hydraulic conductivity and thickness of the intervening aquitard, which maintains the delicate hydrogeological equilibrium. Effective methods to control this equilibrium include monitoring the vertical gradient between the two aquifers and the residual discharge of natural thermal springs.

The aim was to study density-driven groundwater flow and analyse groundwater mixing because of seasonal changes in groundwater temperature. Here, density-driven convection in groundwater was studied by numerical simulations in a subarctic climate, i.e. where the water temperature was <4 °C. The effects of soil permeability and groundwater temperature (i.e. viscosity and density) were determined. The influence of impermeable obstacles in otherwise homogeneous ground was also studied. An initial disturbance in the form of a horizontal groundwater flow was necessary to start the convection. Transient solutions describe the development of convective cells in the groundwater and it took 22 days before fully developed convection patterns were formed. The thermal convection reached a maximum depth of 1.0 m in soil of low permeability (2.71 · 10⁻⁹ m²). At groundwater temperature close to its density maximum (4 °C), the physical size (in m) of the convection cells was reduced. Small stones or frost lenses in the ground slightly affect the convective flow, while larger obstacles change the size and shape of the convection cells. Performed simulations show that “seasonal groundwater turnover” occurs. This knowledge may be useful in the prevention of nutrient leakage to underlying groundwater from soils, especially in agricultural areas where no natural vertical groundwater flow is evident. An application in northern Sweden is discussed.