Resumen La falta de agua constituye uno de los principales problemas de la humanidad, por lo que se requiere gestionar el recurso con esquemas de valores de existencia y legado; es decir, con valor de no uso. La eficiencia en el uso del agua es una condición necesaria pero no suficiente para la garantizar la sustentabilidad del recurso. La valoración del agua para uso agrícola debe fortalecer el soporte a las decisiones sobre los retos y las preguntas asociadas a la imperiosa necesidad de garantizar el recurso para las generaciones actuales y futuras (sustentabilidad). El presente trabajo se llevó a cabo en la sub cuenca del Río Duero, Michoacán. Con el objetivo de valorar el agua de riego como insumo en la producción de fresa. Los resultados al aplicar el método de cambio de productividad, muestran una renta de $106 215.30 ha-1, superior a la obtenida en los cultivos de maíz y trigo, y un valor de agua de: $3.67 m-3. La importancia del recurso hídrico, como derecho humano no significa regalarla, pero debe establecerse un nivel mínimo de provisión innegable por encima del cual los usuarios deben hacer un uso responsable y generar cultura por el pago del servicio ecosistémico y no solo de su administración. La responsabilidad social debe ser en cualquier actividad económica; a través de ella, se debe contribuir a la conservación y mantenimiento de los ecosistemas naturales que proveen los bienes y servicios ecosistémicos como el agua. | Abstract The lack of water constitutes one of the main problems of humanity, so it is necessary to manage this resource with values of existence and legacy schemes; that is, with non-use value.Efficiency in water use is a necessary but not sufficient condition to ensure this resource sustainability. The assessment of water for agricultural use should undoubtedly contribute to strengthening decisions support on the challenges and questions associated with the imperative need to ensure the resource for present and future generations (sustainability). This research was carried out in the sub basin of the Duero River, Michoacán. With the objective of assessing irrigation water as an input in strawberry production. Results when applying the method of productivity changing showed income of $106 215.30 per hectare higher than that obtained in maize and wheat crops, and a monetary value of water: $3.67 m-3. The importance of water resource as a human right does not mean giving it away, but a minimum level of undeniable provision must be established above which users must make responsible use and generate culture for the payment of the ecosystem service and not only for their administration. Social responsibility must be the constant in any economic activity; and it must contribute to the conservation and maintenance of natural ecosystems that provide ecosystem goods and services such as water.

Asia has been experiencing rapid industrialization, urbanization, and economic growth in recent decades. Taiwan was one of the 4 Asian dragons, regions that experienced rapid industrialization and exceptionally high growth rates between the early 1960s and 1990s, but at a high cost to the environment, and thus, it was heavily polluted. Estuaries are highly dynamic and diverse ecosystems that provide multiple ecosystem services that maintain marine ecosystem health and benefit humankind. However, estuaries and the ecosystem services they provide are rapidly degrading due to increasing pressures and changes, especially those in populous, urban areas. Social–environmental analysis integrates scientific information and social activities and thereby provides a comprehensive understanding for the multiparty, joint decision-making processes necessary for successful, sustainable management. In this study, 60 years of economic data and 26 years of water quality data are examined using social–environmental frameworks, the driver-pressurestate-impact-response framework, and the systems approach framework to analyze the management of water quality for an estuary in a populous urban area, the Tamsui River estuary, in Taiwan. Potential societal responses and management measures are identified that can be implemented to reduce human activities, diminish pressure, ameliorate water quality, and enhance the state of the estuarine systems in the Tamsui River and its estuary. The recommended societal responses are increased education, the establishment of community-based river rangers, wetland and mangrove conservation, the development of a circular economy, the implementation of governance measures, and improvements in monitoring and assessments. Improvement of the water quality in the Tamsui River estuary increases the hedonic value of property for people who live near the riverside. Currently, the number of tourists and tourism-based businesses have increased. Nevertheless, improvements in water quality in the Tamsui River estuary bring well-being and benefits that could be further enhanced to increase the cost/benefit relation of the management measures. | MOST 108-2611-M-019-021 | info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Stream water quality is controlled by the interaction of natural and anthropogenic factors over a range of temporal and spatial scales. Among these anthropogenic factors, land cover changes at catchment scale can affect stream water quality. This work aims to evaluate the influence of land use and seasonality on stream water quality in a representative tropical headwater catchment named as Córrego Água Limpa (Sao Paulo, Brasil), which is highly influenced by intensive agricultural activities and urban areas. Two systematic sampling approach campaigns were implemented with six sampling points along the stream of the headwater catchment to evaluate water quality during the rainy and dry seasons. Three replicates were collected at each sampling point in 2011. Electrical conductivity, nitrates, nitrites, sodium superoxide, Chemical Oxygen Demand (DQO), colour, turbidity, suspended solids, soluble solids and total solids were measured. Water quality parameters differed among sampling points, being lower at the headwater sampling point (0m above sea level), and then progressively higher until the last downstream sampling point (2500m above sea level). For the dry season, the mean discharge was 39.5ls⁻¹ (from April to September) whereas 113.0ls⁻¹ were averaged during the rainy season (from October to March). In addition, significant temporal and spatial differences were observed (P<0.05) for the fourteen parameters during the rainy and dry period. The study enhance significant relationships among land use and water quality and its temporal effect, showing seasonal differences between the land use and water quality connection, highlighting the importance of multiple spatial and temporal scales for understanding the impacts of human activities on catchment ecosystem services.

Esta tesis busca evidenciar que existen relaciones conexas al agua entre municipios tan consistentes para conformar una región fuera de sus fronteras administrativas convencionales; y que al fortalecerlas, y establecer roles de los actores que intervienen en la misma se logrará la sostenibilidad del servicios ecosistémico de abastecimiento de agua potable, este trabajo fue realizado con el uso de análisis factorial, cartográfico, estructural y de actores; donde se utilizaron entre otros datos del Estudio nacional del agua que muestran las cifras del trasvase de cuencas desde el PNN Chingaza a la Sabana de Bogotá. | This Thesis seeks to demonstrate that existing water relations between municipalities are consistent to form a region outside its administrative boundaries. And strengthening and establishing roles for actors. It will be to help the sustainability of water drinking as ecosystems service, this work was performed using factorial, mapping, structural, a actors and cartography analysis; were used among other data of the National Study of water that demonstrate water transfer between watershed from PNN Chingaza to the " Sabana de Bogota ".

Abstract The lack of water constitutes one of the main problems of humanity, so it is necessary to manage this resource with values of existence and legacy schemes; that is, with non-use value.Efficiency in water use is a necessary but not sufficient condition to ensure this resource sustainability. The assessment of water for agricultural use should undoubtedly contribute to strengthening decisions support on the challenges and questions associated with the imperative need to ensure the resource for present and future generations (sustainability). This research was carried out in the sub basin of the Duero River, Michoacán. With the objective of assessing irrigation water as an input in strawberry production. Results when applying the method of productivity changing showed income of $106 215.30 per hectare higher than that obtained in maize and wheat crops, and a monetary value of water: $3.67 m-3. The importance of water resource as a human right does not mean giving it away, but a minimum level of undeniable provision must be established above which users must make responsible use and generate culture for the payment of the ecosystem service and not only for their administration. Social responsibility must be the constant in any economic activity; and it must contribute to the conservation and maintenance of natural ecosystems that provide ecosystem goods and services such as water. | Resumen La falta de agua constituye uno de los principales problemas de la humanidad, por lo que se requiere gestionar el recurso con esquemas de valores de existencia y legado; es decir, con valor de no uso. La eficiencia en el uso del agua es una condición necesaria pero no suficiente para la garantizar la sustentabilidad del recurso. La valoración del agua para uso agrícola debe fortalecer el soporte a las decisiones sobre los retos y las preguntas asociadas a la imperiosa necesidad de garantizar el recurso para las generaciones actuales y futuras (sustentabilidad). El presente trabajo se llevó a cabo en la sub cuenca del Río Duero, Michoacán. Con el objetivo de valorar el agua de riego como insumo en la producción de fresa. Los resultados al aplicar el método de cambio de productividad, muestran una renta de $106 215.30 ha-1, superior a la obtenida en los cultivos de maíz y trigo, y un valor de agua de: $3.67 m-3. La importancia del recurso hídrico, como derecho humano no significa regalarla, pero debe establecerse un nivel mínimo de provisión innegable por encima del cual los usuarios deben hacer un uso responsable y generar cultura por el pago del servicio ecosistémico y no solo de su administración. La responsabilidad social debe ser en cualquier actividad económica; a través de ella, se debe contribuir a la conservación y mantenimiento de los ecosistemas naturales que proveen los bienes y servicios ecosistémicos como el agua.

Os serviços ecossistêmicos relacionados ao solo e à água se destacam nas paisagens rurais, principalmente no que tange à produção agropecuária. Por meio das relações solo- água é que muitos serviços ecossistêmicos são gerados e relacionados aos processos de infiltração e recarga de aquíferos, escoamento superficial da água no solo, transferência de água para as plantas, provisão de alimentos, evapotranspiração, manutenção da umidade e biodiversidade dos solos, ciclagem e transporte de nutrientes, estoque de carbono e outros. O presente estudo realizou um levantamento na literatura, focando em metodologias para a avaliação de serviços ecossistêmicos de solo e água, na multifuncionalidade da paisagem rural e na diversidade dos serviços ecossistêmicos gerados, em políticas públicas correlatas e nas oportunidades e nos desafios relacionados à sua gestão. Também foram apresentados dois estudos de caso, desenvolvidos pelos autores, em que se realizou avaliação de serviços ecossistêmicos de solo e água em diferentes agroecossistemas na região sul (Paraná) e central (Rio de Janeiro) do bioma Mata Atlântica. Concluiu-se que, no Brasil, os métodos de avaliação e valoração dos serviços ecossistêmicos do solo e da água ainda precisam ser aprimorados e validados em diferentes escalas e que é preciso valorizar o papel dos produtores rurais para a conservação e manejo adequado dos serviços ecossistêmicos em agroecossistemas e na paisagem rural. | Título em inglês: Opportunities and challenges related to soil and water ecosystem services in the rural landscape.

En los últimos años, el concepto de Soluciones basadas en la Naturaleza (SbN) ha ganado reconocimiento internacional como herramienta para contribuir al desarrollo sostenible. Esto ha venido motivado por una mayor concreción y definición del concepto y una serie de acuerdos internacionales. No obstante, su aplicación en los países sigue siendo escasa. Concretamente, en el sector hídrico siguen siendo preferidas otras soluciones de infraestructura gris consideradas más eficientes para hacer frente a los retos de la gestión de la cantidad, calidad y variabilidad del agua. Así, las SbN para la gestión del agua todavía se enfrentan a varios desafíos que limitan su implementación. La Unión Europea ha puesto en marcha una serie de actuaciones para tratar de resolver estos desafíos: estrategias de acción, normativa y una serie de programas de financiación enfocados en la investigación e innovación mediante el diseño e implementación de proyectos de SbN. | In recent years, the concept of Nature-based Solutions (NBS) seems to have gained international recognition as a potential tool to contribute to sustainable development. This has been motivated by a further specification and concretion of the concept and the creation of several international agreements. However, its implementation at country level remains weak. In the water sector in particular, other grey infrastructure solutions that are considered more efficient in addressing the challenges of managing water quantity, quality and variability are still preferred. Thus, NBS for water management still face several challenges that limit their implementation. The European Union has launched numerous actions to address these challenges: action strategies, regulations and a series of funding programmes focused on research and innovation through the design and implementation of NBS projects.

Abstract The objective of this work was to present an index for the characterization of soil susceptibility to groundwater contamination, as well as to perform an exploratory study of the soils from the Brazilian Cerrado biome. The water retention time (RT) index was determined with mean values obtained from a filtering methodology, in databases of the following soil properties: depth of the horizons; granulometry; organic carbon content; bulk density and particle density; and moisture content at field capacity. The water table depth was estimated using the Hand model. Spatial distributions of input data and TR index results were obtained using a geographic information system software. Soils that offer low protection to groundwater contamination by organic chemicals are located in southeast and east-central regions of the state of Mato Grosso, in the western of the state of Bahia, in the south of Goiás, and in the north of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. The predominant soil classes in the more susceptible areas are "Neossolos Quartzarênicos órticos" (Entisols) and "Latossolos Vermelhos distróficos" (Oxisols). | Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi apresentar um índice para caracterização da suscetibilidade dos solos à contaminação do lençol freático, bem como realizar um estudo de caso exploratório para os solos do bioma Cerrado. O índice de tempo de retenção (TR) de água nos solo foi determinado a partir de valores médios, obtidos por meio de uma metodologia de filtragem, em bases de dados das seguintes propriedades do solo: espessura de horizontes; granulometria; teor de carbono orgânico; densidades global e de partículas; e umidade na capacidade de campo. A profundidade do lençol freático foi estimada com uso do modelo Hand. As distribuições espaciais dos dados de entrada e dos resultados do índice TR foram obtidas com uso de um aplicativo de sistema de informação geográfica. Os solos que oferecem menor proteção à contaminação do lençol freático por contaminantes químicos orgânicos estão localizados nas regiões Sudeste e Centro-leste do Mato Grosso, no Oeste da Bahia, no Sudoeste de Goiás e no Norte de Mato Grosso do Sul. Os solos predominantes nas áreas mais suscetíveis são Neossolos Quartzarênicos órticos e Latossolos Vermelhos distróficos.

Abstract: Cloud Forests (CFs) in Michoacan, Mexico, face strong pressures due to logging and the change of land use to agriculture, which can affect the ecological functions of the soil. This study identifies the main soils of a CF in Michoacan, and evaluates its contensts of Soil Organic Carbon (SOC) and water-retention capacity. The sampling design was stratified, considering different slope positions. Eight profiles of soils of 1 m in depth were characterized using standard methods. The soil groups identified, Andosol, Alisol, Umbrisol, displayed high degrees of weathering, high to neutral acidities, and a low saturation of bases. The SOC content fluctuated between 92 and 152 Mg ha-1; 55 % of this was distributed in the first 30 cm, and no differences were observed between soil groups. Water retention at high tension (HT, 1500 kPa) and low tension (LT, 30 kPa) varied from 98 to 284 L m-2, and from 249 to 510 L m-2, respectively. At a depth of 60 cm, where fine roots concentrate, the available water (AW) fluctuated between 107 and 167 L m-2, with no differences between soil groups. Water retention at HT had a negative correlation with the proportion of sands and the bulk density, whereas LT had a positive correlation with the concentration of SOC, and a negative one with bulk density. The AW had a positive correlation with the SOC concentration. The study confirms the importance of the CF in the storage of SOC and indicates that the SOC is determinant in the availability of water. Given the accumulation of SOC on the soil surface, carbon and water retention can be very sensitive to anthropogenic disturbances. | Resumen: Los bosques de niebla (BN) de Michoacán, México, enfrentan fuertes presiones de extracción forestal y cambio de uso de suelo a agricultura, las cuales pueden afectar las funciones ecológicas de los suelos. En este estudio se identificaron los principales suelos de un BN en Michoacán, y se evaluaron sus contenidos de carbono orgánico (COS) y capacidad de retención de agua. El diseño del muestreo fue estratificado, considerando diferentes posiciones de ladera. Ocho perfiles de suelo de 1 m de profundidad se caracterizaron con métodos estándar. Los grupos de suelo identificados, Andosol, Alisol, Umbrisol, mostraron un grado de intemperismo relativamente alto, acidez de alta a neutra y saturación de bases baja. El contenido de COS osciló de 92 a 152 Mg ha-1, el 55 % se distribuyó en los primeros 30 cm, y no hubo diferencias de contenido entre grupos de suelo. La retención de agua a tensión alta (TA, 1500 kPa) y baja (TB, 30 kPa) varió de 98 a 284 L m-2 y de 249 a 510 L m-2, respectivamente. A 60 cm de profundidad, donde las raíces finas se concentran, el agua disponible (AD) osciló de 107 a 167 L m-2, sin diferencias entre grupos de suelos. La retención de agua a TA tuvo correlación negativa con la proporción de arenas y la densidad aparente, mientras que a TB tuvo correlación positiva con la concentración de COS y negativa con la densidad aparente. El AD tuvo correlación positiva con la concentración de COS. El estudio confirma la importancia del BN en el almacenamiento de COS, e indica que el COS es determinante en la disponibilidad de agua. Dada la acumulación de COS en el suelo superficial, la retención de carbono y agua pueden ser muy sensibles a las perturbaciones antropogénicas.

The impacts of the human being on the planet's ecosystems have adversely affected the quantity, regularity of supply, and the quality of the water resources required for his own well-being. As a result, there is a real possibility of unprecedented imminent water crisis. Such a risk requires the public management systems, in addition to the will and political capacity to face it in a democratic way, the ability to understand how human impacts affect the natural processes that guarantee the availability of water. This understanding is one of the essential elements of decision-making processes. Integrated management approaches to the ecosystem base represent alternatives to the traditional water management strategy, which is focused on maximizing supply and reducing its variability. They recognize ecosystems as integrating units of the systems to be managed (terrestrial, aquatic and human) and seek to balance their conservation and the anthropic use of natural resources. To this end, they value the maintenance of the resilience of these systems in order to maintain the services provided by the ecosystems. In a democratic process of water management, science, as a public good, has important roles to make: to translate, for the sectors involved, the state of the art of scientific models on the functioning of the systems to be managed and to contribute to the elaboration of scenarios on probable future derived from different management alternatives. The present work carried out systematic reviews of the scientific literature to identify: (a) the ecosystem services provided by the hydrographic basins; (b) the ecological and hydrological processes that specifically support ecosystem services for the supply of water in quantity and quality for human use; and (c) the major anthropic impacts that lead to the loss of these services. This information has been synthesized and organized in the form of illustrations that seek to outline the ways in which these services can be maintained or lost, depending on how mankind occupies river basins. The illustrations will be made available to the sectors of the society involved with water resources policies in order to facilitate the contribution of up-to-date scientific knowledge on the subject. They should be especially useful to the technical staff of planning and management bodies of water resources in Brazil. In addition, they may be useful to other audiences, such as organized civil society and the education sector. | Os impactos do homem sobre os ecossistemas do planeta têm afetado negativamente a quantidade, a regularidade de oferta e a qualidade dos recursos hídricos necessários para seu próprio bem-estar. Como decorrência, há uma real possibilidade de iminente crise hídrica sem precedentes. Tal risco exige dos sistemas públicos de gestão, além de vontade e capacidade política para enfrentá-lo de modo democrático, a capacidade de compreender como os impactos humanos afetam os processos naturais que garantem a disponibilidade de água. Essa compreensão representa um dos elementos essenciais dos processos de tomada de decisão. Abordagens de gestão integrada à base ecossistêmica representam alternativas à estratégia tradicional da gestão hídrica, que é focada na maximização de oferta e redução de sua variabilidade. Elas reconhecem os ecossistemas como unidades integradoras dos sistemas a serem geridos (terrestres, aquáticos e humanos) e buscam equilibrar sua conservação e o uso antrópico dos recursos naturais. Para tanto, valorizam a manutenção da resiliência desses sistemas de modo a manter os serviços prestados pelos ecossistemas. Num processo democrático de gestão hídrica, a ciência, como bem público, tem papéis importantes a desempenhar: traduzir, para os setores envolvidos, o estado da arte dos modelos científicos sobre o funcionamento dos sistemas a serem geridos e contribuir para a elaboração de cenários sobre futuros prováveis derivados de diferentes alternativas de gestão. O presente trabalho realizou revisões sistemáticas da literatura científica para identificar: (a) os serviços ecossistêmicos providos pelas bacias hidrográficas; (b) os processos ecológicos e hidrológicos que sustentam especificamente os serviços ecossistêmicos de fornecimento de água em quantidade e qualidade para uso humano; e (c) os principais impactos antrópicos que levam à perda desses serviços. Essas informações foram sintetizadas e organizadas no formato de ilustrações que procuram esquematizar os modos pelos quais esses serviços podem ser mantidos ou perdidos, a depender do modo de ocupação das bacias hidrográficas pelo homem. As ilustrações serão disponibilizadas aos setores da sociedade envolvidos com políticas de recursos hídricos com o objetivo de facilitar o aporte de conhecimento científico atualizado sobre o tema. Elas deverão ser especialmente úteis ao corpo técnico de órgãos de planejamento e gestão dos recursos hídricos do Brasil. Adicionalmente, poderão ser úteis para outros públicos, como a sociedade civil organizada e o setor educacional.