En el Laboratorio de Calor y Frío del Dpto. de Ingeniería Térmica y de Fluidos de la Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, se están desarrollando y caracterizando bombas de calor para la generación de agua caliente sanitaria. El objetivo general de este Trabajo Final de Master es diseñar una instalación apta para caracterizar bombas de calor para producción de Agua Caliente sanitaria utilizando la normativa UNE-EN 16147. La normativa UNE-EN 16147 vela por los requisitos y ensayos que se deben cumplir para que una bomba de calor accionada eléctricamente pueda ser comercializada. Por dicho motivo se va diseñar una instalación capaz de ensayar bombas de calor para producción de agua caliente sanitaria (ACS) en el Laboratorio de Calor y Frío. El diseño constará de lo exigido por la normativa para llevar a cabo las pruebas completando las etapas descritas. Dentro de los objetivos específicos del Trabajo Final de Master se incluyen los siguientes: 1. Conocer el funcionamiento y características de las bombas de calor con las que trabajan en el Laboratorio de Calor y Frío. 2. Evaluar la capacidad de producción de ACS de dichas bombas. 3. Calcular el caudal y las pérdidas de las tuberías de la instalación de ensayos. 4. Seleccionar los depósitos de Inercia apropiados para realizar el ensayo. 5. Seleccionar bombas y equipos según datos calculados a partir de la instalación propuesta. 6. Esquematizar la instalación. 7. Completar las etapas de prueba de la Normativa UNE-EN 16147. | Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Industrial | Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena

El suelo radiante es un equipamiento presente en invernaderos comerciales y utilizado convencionalmente como método de calefacción. En este trabajo, en cambio, se ha realizado una evaluación experimental de la refrigeración de un invernadero mediante el uso del suelo radiante acoplado a una bomba de calor aire-agua. Se ensayaron dos escenarios durante los veranos de 2005 y 2006: ventilación natural + malla de sombreo (escenario control), y ventilación natural + malla de sombreo + suelo radiante acoplado a una bomba de calor (escenario de refrigeración activa). Se calcularon las diferencias entre la temperatura del aire interior y exterior (salto térmico), y se concluyó que a 0,5 m sobre el suelo, el sistema suelo radiante-bomba de calor redujo esta diferencia 1,1 grados C en 2005 y 0,8 grados C en 2006. Ambos escenarios se compararon con el comportamiento de otros sistemas de refrigeración: se concluyó que el escenario de refrigeración activa obtenía un salto térmico (medido a 0,5 m) más favorable incluso que la nebulización. Se diseñó un modelo basado en las curvas de rendimiento de la bomba de calor para predecir la capacidad refrigerante desarrollada por el sistema suelo radiante-bomba de calor. El consumo energético de la bomba de calor fue 104,8 Wh/m cuadrado/d (de 13:00 a 18:00 h) bajo las condiciones de ensayo. Este sistema parece ser apropiado sólo para refrigerar invernaderos bajo ciertas condiciones, para cultivos de alto valor añadido, cultivos de bajo porte, o cuando el coste de inversión no es un factor limitante ya que éste es aproximadamente 38 Euros/m cuadrado. | This paper describes the experimental cooling of a greenhouse in Madrid (Spain) using a radiant heated floor (RHF) coupled to an air-water heat pump (HP). Two cooling scenarios were studied over the summers of 2005 and 2006: natural ventilation + a shading screen (control system), and natural ventilation + a shading screen + an RHF (concrete) coupled to an air-water heat pump (i.e., in cooling mode; nominal power, 34.1 W/squre m). Using the difference between the outside and inside air temperatures, it was concluded that at 0.5 m above the floor the RHF system reduced the temperature by 1.1 deg C in 2005 and 0.8 deg C in 2006. Both cooling scenarios were compared with other cooling technologies: the use of the natural ventilation + shading + RHF gave a smaller air temperature difference than fogging at a height equal to or lower than 0.5 m. A model based on the heat pump performance curves was constructed to predict its power consumption and good predictions of the variation over the day were obtained. The power consumption of the heat pump was 104.8 Wh/square m/d (from 13:00 to 18:00 h) under our test conditions in Madrid. The RHF-HP system may only be appropriate for cooling greenhouses under certain circumstances, e.g., when growing high value crops or when cost is not a limiting factor, as its initial investment cost is about Euros 38/m.

The interactions between groundwater and surface water under a river island in South Korea were investigated. Sampling was focused on the western part of the island, where a groundwater heat pump system with groundwater monitoring wells has been installed. A riverside area was selected for the system because a high specific capacity was expected. However, surface-water intrusion remains a major concern, as the efficiency of the system can be impaired by groundwater temperature changes following surface-water infiltration. A combination of radon (²²²Rn) concentrations and microbial diversity was analyzed, along with hydraulic data. A process for estimating residence time based on ²²²Rn data and flow direction was developed to identify relationships with microbial diversity. The spatial distribution of ²²²Rn concentration was affected by fluctuations of river water levels caused by surrounding dam discharge and seasonal effects. Groundwater flowmeter data supported observations on these distributions. The estimated residence times indicated that river-water infiltration into the study site affected the groundwater flow direction. The microbial diversity, based on cluster analyses after pyrosequencing, showed significant variation with river flow direction and rainfall events, which was in accordance with the ²²²Rn tracer results. The combination of frequent ²²²Rn concentration measurements with microbial data allows better characterization of the dynamic interactions between groundwater and surface water.

Change in groundwater level is predicted for a special site where transient natural factors affecting the groundwater level are mixed with very irregular anthropogenic influences. When there is not enough hydrogeological information about the area to be analyzed, an artificial neural network (ANN) is a powerful tool for groundwater level forecasting in highly irregular and uncertain groundwater systems. In this study, groundwater levels were predicted by using ANN models with input variables composed of one natural factor and two anthropogenic factors in Yangpyeong riverside area, South Korea. Complex and irregular change of the groundwater level was monitored due to the operation of a groundwater heat pump system and winter intensive pumping for water curtain cultivation (by which greenhouses are warmed). The prediction results showed good performance with root mean square errors of 3–6 cm when the average groundwater level is about 25.59 m, the correlation coefficient is >0.9 and the Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency is >0.75, indicating that the ANN models are well suited for assessing complex groundwater systems. Along with the prediction, an extraction method was devised to calculate contributions and relative impacts of the input variables in the time-series-based ANN models. As a result, it was proved that the river level dominantly affects the groundwater level fluctuation, and the contributions of each influencing factor were obtained reliably according to spatial distribution and temporal variance. This makes the scheme effective for managing and using groundwater resources with consideration of every crucial influencing factor of the groundwater level fluctuation.

The isotopic compositions (D and ¹⁸O) of 177 precipitation samples collected at seven observation stations in Toyama Prefecture and one station in Gifu Prefecture in the northern part of central Japan were determined. The source and characteristics of the isotopes were clarified and their contribution to the groundwater flow systems of three major alluvial fans in the same area were investigated. The δD and δ¹⁸O values ranged from −113.3 to −26.7‰ and − 16.4 to −4.2‰, respectively. Precipitation samples collected from May to September (summer) and November to March (winter) plotted along two meteoric water lines, with d-excess = 10 and 30, respectively. Conversely, precipitation samples collected in April and October, and some samples in November to March, plotted between the two meteoric water lines. The contribution of precipitation to the groundwater systems was modelled based on the assumption that groundwater is a mixture of major river water and precipitation. According to the observed δ¹⁸O values for the precipitation, river water, and groundwater samples, the contribution of local precipitation to groundwater reservoirs ranged from 5 to 100%. Groundwater flows near the rivers did not always originate from 100% river runoff; however, the contribution of river runoff to groundwater decreased with increasing distance from the rivers, and groundwater flows far from the river were generated mainly by precipitation. The possibility of using groundwater for a ground-source heat pump system, for air conditioning in houses and to melt the snow on roads, is also discussed.