Mestrado em Arquitectura Paisagista - Instituto Superior de Agronomia | The object of this study is Water. It focuses on the various aspects that, when taken together, make it possible to understand Water as a crucial constitutive component of the various different elements of the landscape. When applied in particular to the Alfama district of Lisbon – in accordance with the principle of sustainability and from a holistic and systemic perspective –, the emphasis on Water as an overarching theme makes it possible to come up with, and develop, a “project concept” that addresses the specific hydrological problems of this urban area, without neglecting the formal and spatial dimensions. It is shown in this study that it is possible to consider and address the hydrological and the spatial simultaneously, and that one can take advantage of both in order to come up with solutions that are sustainable both from a spatial and architectural point of view (i.e. which are well-suited to the cultural and historical context) and from a biophysical one (i.e. which take into account the ecological base of the area). Insofar as it seeks to provide a holistically sustainable solution to the current problems associated with effectively draining, collecting and managing water in this urban district, this study constitutes such an attempt. The solutions suggested in this study are the result of a local-level approach carried out at the scale of the urban fabric, which made it possible to identify the various existing imbalances with regard to water drainage in this area. This approach can in fact be adopted in other urban contexts, provided that the necessary adaptations are made.

La vinculación entre elementos del paisaje puede ser explicada mediante la teoría de los sistemas de flujo de agua subterránea, que reconoce los diferentes flujos y sus zonas de descarga y recarga, que manifiestan en forma complementaria su funcionamiento hidrológico. Es esencial la caracterización de los diferentes flujos para conocer su potencialidad, salinidad y su posibilidad de uso en diferentes prácticas de manejo agropecuario y forestal; en esta definición quedan implícitas sus características de cantidad y profundidad de circulación. En ambientes donde la superficie de agua freática es poco profunda, definir los flujos constituye un procedimiento esencial al seleccionar las prácticas de manejo agropecuario y forestal que coadyuven en una situación dada, tales como excesos o déficit hídricos. Los flujos se definen a partir de la calidad del agua e indicadores ambientales. Los costos de los análisis químicos de agua son elevados y resultan difíciles de abordar en grandes áreas. Sin embargo, puede utilizarse la conductividad eléctrica (CE) para estimar la composición química del agua en un área si se conocen los principios mediante los cuales adquiere su composición y se establecen las relaciones matemáticas con los iones mayoritarios. El objetivo del presente estudio es establecer la factibilidad de utilizar los modelos hidrogeoquímicos propuestos para estimar la composición química del agua a partir de su conductividad eléctrica. Se estudió el origen del agua de pozos, freatímetros y lagunas del noroeste de la provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina, conociendo el referente geológico del sitio, y aplicando modelos hidrogeoquímicos de reconocimiento de patrones (HIDROGEOQUIM, GEOQUIM, SAMA, MODELAGUA). Se obtuvieron los patrones hidrogeoquímicos y las relaciones matemáticas entre la composición iónica y CE. El mejor ajuste se obtuvo utilizando la ecuación polinomial (parábola), que pasa por el origen de coordenadas, habiendo agrupado previamente los datos mediante el modelo de reconocimiento de patrones. Se concluye que es posible definir la composición química del agua mediante estimaciones matemáticas a partir del valor de la conductividad eléctrica, la cual, junto al pH, temperatura y otros elementos del paisaje, permiten definir tipos de flujo y manejo del suelo asociado. | The relationships among elements in the landscape can be explained using the theory of groundwater flow systems, which recognizes the different flows and their discharge and recharge zones, demonstrating their hydrological functioning. Characterizing the different flows is crucial to identifying their potential, salinity and possible use for different agricultural and forestry management practices. This definition implicitly includes characteristics related to quantity and depth of circulation. In environments where the water table is shallow, defining flow is key to selecting agricultural and forestry management practices that help in a given situation, such as water excess or deficit. The flows are defined according to the water quality and environmental indicators. The costs of the chemical analysis of water are high and it is difficult to analyze large areas. Nevertheless, electrical conductivity (EC) can be used to estimate the chemical composition of water in an area if the principles through which they acquire their composition are known and mathematical relationships with major ions are determined. The objective of the present study is to determine the feasibility of using the proposed hydrogeochemical models to calculate the chemical composition of water based on its electrical conductivity. Sources of water from wells, phreatimeters and lagoons in northwest Buenos Aires, Argentina were studied to identify the geology of the site and apply hydrogeochemical pattern recognition models to identify patterns (HIDROGEOQUIM, GEOQUIM, SAMA, MODELAGUA). The hydrogeochemical patterns and mathematical relationships between the ionic composition and EC were obtained. The best fit was obtained using the polynomial (parabola) equation that passes through the origin of the coordinates, having previously grouped the data using the pattern recognition model. It is concluded that the chemical composition of the water can be defined with mathematical calculations based on the value of electrical conductivity, which along with pH, temperature and other elements of the landscape enable defining types of flow and related soil management.

Mestrado em Arquitectura Paisagista - Instituto Superior de Agronomia | Presenting as fundamental objective the preservation of the essential biophysical structures to maintain landscape quality, REN represented an important role in the Portuguese landscape ecosystems prevention. However, having been a pioneering document, published in the national legislation at the beginning of the definition of European guidelines for the territorial community spatial planning, has been losing the original strength status and appears highly predictable its dissolution in other legal systems. Having suffered several changes, is this work option to study the Waterline headwaters situation - knowing their actual disguise under “Strategic areas of aquifer protection and recharge” – fact that doesn’t reveal scientific sense. As such, were applied new strategic guidelines, concerning Recharge Areas delimitation, in two casestudies – Évora and Vila Nova de Paiva - what have confirmed that its actual delimitation does not ensure the Headwaters protection

La vinculación entre elementos del paisaje puede ser explicada mediante la teoría de los sistemas de flujo de agua subterránea, que reconoce los diferentes flujos y sus zonas de descarga y recarga, que manifiestan en forma complementaria su funcionamiento hidrológico. Es esencial la caracterización de los diferentes flujos para conocer su potencialidad, salinidad y su posibilidad de uso en diferentes prácticas de manejo agropecuario y forestal; en esta definición quedan implícitas sus características de cantidad y profundidad de circulación. En ambientes donde la superficie de agua freática es poco profunda, definir los flujos constituye un procedimiento esencial al seleccionar las prácticas de manejo agropecuario y forestal que coadyuven en una situación dada, tales como excesos o déficit hídricos. Los flujos se definen a partir de la calidad del agua e indicadores ambientales. Los costos de los análisis químicos de agua son elevados y resultan difíciles de abordar en grandes áreas. Sin embargo, puede utilizarse la conductividad eléctrica (CE) para estimar la composición química del agua en un área si se conocen los principios mediante los cuales adquiere su composición y se establecen las relaciones matemáticas con los iones mayoritarios. El objetivo del presente estudio es establecer la factibilidad de utilizar los modelos hidrogeoquímicos propuestos para estimar la composición química del agua a partir de su conductividad eléctrica. Se estudió el origen del agua de pozos, freatímetros y lagunas del noroeste de la provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina, conociendo el referente geológico del sitio, y aplicando modelos hidrogeoquímicos de reconocimiento de patrones (HIDROGEOQUIM, GEOQUIM, SAMA, MODELAGUA). Se obtuvieron los patrones hidrogeoquímicos y las relaciones matemáticas entre la composición iónica y CE. El mejor ajuste se obtuvo utilizando la ecuación polinomial (parábola), que pasa por el origen de coordenadas, habiendo agrupado previamente los datos mediante el modelo de reconocimiento de patrones. Se concluye que es posible definir la composición química del agua mediante estimaciones matemáticas a partir del valor de la conductividad eléctrica, la cual, junto al pH, temperatura y otros elementos del paisaje, permiten definir tipos de flujo y manejo del suelo asociado. | The relationships among elements in the landscape can be explained using the theory of groundwater flow systems, which recognizes the different flows and their discharge and recharge zones, demonstrating their hydrological functioning. Characterizing the different flows is crucial to identifying their potential, salinity and possible use for different agricultural and forestry management practices. This definition implicitly includes characteristics related to quantity and depth of circulation. In environments where the water table is shallow, defining flow is key to selecting agricultural and forestry management practices that help in a given situation, such as water excess or deficit. The flows are defined according to the water quality and environmental indicators. The costs of the chemical analysis of water are high and it is difficult to analyze large areas. Nevertheless, electrical conductivity (EC) can be used to estimate the chemical composition of water in an area if the principles through which they acquire their composition are known and mathematical relationships with major ions are determined. The objective of the present study is to determine the feasibility of using the proposed hydrogeochemical models to calculate the chemical composition of water based on its electrical conductivity. Sources of water from wells, phreatimeters and lagoons in northwest Buenos Aires, Argentina were studied to identify the geology of the site and apply hydrogeochemical pattern recognition models to identify patterns (HIDROGEOQUIM, GEOQUIM, SAMA, MODELAGUA). The hydrogeochemical patterns and mathematical relationships between the ionic composition and EC were obtained. The best fit was obtained using the polynomial (parabola) equation that passes through the origin of the coordinates, having previously grouped the data using the pattern recognition model. It is concluded that the chemical composition of the water can be defined with mathematical calculations based on the value of electrical conductivity, which along with pH, temperature and other elements of the landscape enable defining types of flow and related soil management. | Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales

Mestrado em Arquitectura Paisagista - Instituto Superior de Agronomia | The vegetation is a characterizing element of the landscape, their presence more or less imposing, and more in many forms allows us to identify other environmental features intrinsic to the medium, such as soil type, climate, presence or absence of water. Its conservation in areas where it is naturally present or made guarantees the stability of the landscape, and is an extremely important element when incorporated in a study of land-use planning in order to define the various possible uses for the different landscape units available. This work aims to make known the way of distribution of santomean vegetation over the country, giving our input into the planning of the landscape through the creation of Sao Tome letters that allow us to identify the existence of suitable areas available for the production of crops essential for the country's economic development, but are not being utilized for this purpose at the expense of areas that are being used for the production of these crops, not for its natural features are the best candidates for this. It is a reminder of the need to adjust the use natural and environmental characteristics of the territory without undermining, opening the possibility of its continued use over time for generational sequences, so for a sustainable landscape.

La región climática y cultural del Sureste de España, es un espacio semiárido en el que las demandas de agua superan a los recursos propios. La escasez de agua obliga a su búsqueda fuera del territorio surestino, organizando unos complejos hidráulicos (embalses y acueductos) para trasferir agua de otras cuencas hidrográficas, como los trasvases: Tajo-Segura, Negratín-Almanzora, y Júcar-Vinalopó. El Negratín-Almanzora, lleva más de diez años funcionando (2003-2014), con una dotación anual de hasta 50 hectómetros cúbicos, que ha permitido consolidar 24.000 hectáreas de regadíos, así como abastecer de “agua de boca” a quince municipios, sobre todo en el Levante almeriense (Valle del Almanzora). | The climatic and cultural region of the Southeastern Spain is a semiarid area where water demand is above its own resources. The lack of water makes necessary its research outside the southeastern region, arranging hydraulic complex (reservoir and aqueducts) to transfer water to others hydrografic basins, such as the Tajo-Segura transfer, Negratín-Almanzora transfer and Júcar-Vinalopó transfer. The Negratín-Almanzora transfer is been working for more than ten years (2003-2014), with an annual endowment of 50 cubic hectometers, making possible the consolidation of 24,000 hectares of irrigated areas, as well as the supply of drinking water to fifteen municipalities, chiefly on the eastern area of Almería. | peerReviewed