Se realizaron 4 ensayos en rebanos Hereford (vacas pre y postparto) con casos clinicos y muertes por tetania hipomagnesemica e hipomagnesemia diagnosticada mediante un perfil metabolico. En el ensayo 1 se utilizaron 50 g/d/vaca de MgO (equivalente a 25 g de Mg) sobre ensilaje o heno por 44 dias; en el ensayo 2 se uso el MgO + NaC1 en mezcla con avena chancada (equivalente a 25 g de Mg) por 55 dias. En el ensayo 3 se utilizo MgSO4 al 0,5% en el agua de bebida, durante 44 dias, equivalente a 10 g/d de Mg. En el ensayo 4 se utilizo MgSO4 en el ultimo mes de gestacion y MgO despues del parto, en iguales dosis a las senaladas para los otros ensayos, durante 55 dias. En 10 vacas de cada ensayo se obtuvieron muestras de sangre y orina previo a la suplementacion, durante la suplementacion (cada 11+-2 dias) y 1 semana despues de finalizada. En las muestras se determinaron las concentraciones de Mg serico (Mg-s), Mg urinario (Mg-u) y Mg-u corregido por creatinina (CUM). Las concentraciones de Mg-s solo en el ensayo 3 aumentaron significativamente (p0,05) desde 0,64 mmol/1 previo a la suplementacion hasta 0,86 mmol/1 a los 44 dias de suplementacion, el Mg-u y el CUM tambien aumentaron significativamente (p0,05) durante ese periodo. En el ensayo 1 no aumentaron significativamente las concentraciones de Mg-s pero si lo hicieron significativamente (p0.05) las concentraciones de Mg-u y CUM. En el ensayo 4 no aumentaron las concentraciones de Mg-s ni Mg-u, pero si aumento significativamente (p0,05) el CUM desde 0,12 mmol/1 previo a la suplementacion hasta 0,52 mmol/1 a los 55 dias de suplementacion. En el ensayo 2 no aumento significativamente el Mg-s ni Mg-u y el CUM fue variable en el transcurso del ensayo para aumentar significativamente (p0,05) desde 0,17 mmol/1 hasta 0,36 mmol/1 a los 55 dias de suplementacion. El CUM, si bien aumento significativamente en los 4 ensayos, se mantuvo bajo el limite de referencia de 1 mimol/1. La incidencia de casos clinicos de tetania hipomagnesemica y muertes disminuyo significativamente (p0.05) en el total de animales de los ensayos. Los resultados senalan que en rebanos de carne con hipomagnesemia la suplementacion con MgO en el alimento o MgSO4 disuelto en el agua de bebida es efectiva para mantener o aumentar las concentraciones de Mg-s, Mg-u y CUM, permitiendo reducir la incidencia de casos clinicos o muertes por tetania hipomagnesemica

Water quality monitoring is used to determine the impact of human activities on the environment. We evaluated water quality in the Água Boa stream, located within the municipality of Dourados, State of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, by analyzing physico-chemical, chemical, and microbiological parameters, as well as chlorophyll concentrations. Five sets of water samples were collected between December 2012 and November 2013 from three locations within the stream. The results showed the presence of Escherichia coli and antibiotic-resistant Pseudomonas spp. strains and high concentrations of organic matter (total dissolved solids), inorganic species (Mg, Ca, and Fe), and agrochemical residues (thiamethoxam). The main stream water contaminants are derived from urban, industrial, and agricultural activities within the watershed. Given the presence of contaminants, it is important that such findings are disseminated in order to highlight the risks that contact with this water may pose to human health. To preserve the environment and improve site conditions, people would need to participate by demanding that normative national and international standards be respected and that the situation be supervised by the competent governmental agencies; this would make it possible to reverse or minimize contamination problems within the Água Boa stream.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the inorganic parameters in the water of the Texcoco river. Sampling took place at 10 sites along the watershed (between 2500 and 2240 m above sea level) during the four seasons of the year for three years, with repetitions. The diagnostic parameters and methods used were, for potassium, sodium, magnesium, and calcium, the internal method MI-AM-011 (atomic absorption); phosphates with MI-FQUAR-012, chlorides NMX-AA-073-1981, electrical conductivity and nitrogen of nitrates NOM-AA-93-1984 and NOM-AA-79-1986, pH NMX-AA-08-1980. The three-year average concentrations of calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, chlorine, nitrates, and electrical conductivity were low. However, the concentrations of sodium and electrical conductivity were close to medium quality. The concentrations of sodium during Years 2 and 3 were classified as medium. The concentration of phosphates was high. Electrical conductivity during Years 1 and 3 were classified as medium. The concentrations of sodium and electrical conductivity in Seasons 1 and 4 grade a medium quality. The concentration of phosphates during the four seasons and three years were classified as high. Variability of cations and anions at different times of the year was an almost generalized behavior and statistically significant.

Para estudiar el efecto de la suplementación con Mg en rebaños de carne hipomagnesémicos, sobre las concentraciones sanguíneas y urinarias de Mg y la prevención de la tetania hipomagnesémica, se realizaron 4 ensayos en rebaños Hereford (vacas pre y postparto) con casos clínicos y muertes por tetania hipomagnesémica e hipomagnesemia diagnosticada mediante un perfil metabólico. En el ensayo 1 se utilizaron 50 g/d/vaca de MgO (equivalente a 25 g de Mg) sobre ensilaje o heno por 44 días; en el ensayo 2 se uso el MgO + NaCl en mezcla con avena chancada (equivalente a 25 g de Mg) por 55 días. En el ensayo 3 se utilizó MgSO4 al 0.5% en el agua de bebida, durante 44 días, equivalente a 10 g/d de Mg. En el ensayo 4 se utilizó MgSO4 en el último mes de gestación y MgO después del parto, en iguales dosis a las señaladas para los otros ensayos, durante 55 días. En 10 vacas de cada ensayo se obtuvieron muestras de sangre y orina previo a la suplementación, durante la suplementación (cada 11&plusmn;2 días) y 1 semana después de finalizada. En las muestras se determinaron las concentraciones de Mg sérico (Mg-s), Mg urinario (Mg-u) y Mg-u corregido por creatinina (CUM). Las concentraciones de Mg-s sólo en el ensayo 3 aumentaron significativamente (p<0.05) desde 0.64 mmol/l previo a la suplementación hasta 0.86 mmol/l a los 44 días de suplementación, el Mg-u y el CUM también aumentaron significativamente (p<0.05) durante ese período. En el ensayo 1 no aumentaron significativamente las concentraciones de Mg-s pero sí lo hicieron significativamente (p<0.05) las concentraciones de Mg-u y CUM. En el ensayo 4 no aumentaron las concentraciones de Mg-s ni Mg-u, pero sí aumentó significativamente (p<0.05) el CUM desde 0.12 mmol/l previo a la suplementación hasta 0.52 mmol/l a los 55 días de suplementación. En el ensayo 2 no aumentó significativamente el Mg-s ni Mg-u y el CUM fue variable en el transcurso del ensayo para aumentar significativamente (p<0.05) desde 0.17 mmol/l hasta 0.36 mmol/l a los 55 días de suplementación. El CUM, si bien aumentó significativamente en los 4 ensayos, se mantuvo bajo el límite de referencia de 1 mmol/l. La incidencia de casos clínicos de tetania hipomagnesémica y muertes disminuyó significativamente (p<0.05) en el total de animales de los ensayos. Los resultados señalan que en rebaños de carne con hipomagnesemia la suplementación con MgO en el alimento o MgSO4 disuelto en el agua de bebida es efectiva para mantener o aumentar las concentraciones de Mg-s, Mg-u y CUM, permitiendo reducir la incidencia de casos clínicos o muertes por tetania hipomagnesémica | The effects of supplementation with magnesium (Mg) salts on blood and urine Mg concentrations and the prevention of grass tetany in hypomagnesaemic beef herds were examined. Two systems of supplementation were tested in 4 beef herds at grazing, between July and December 1993. The herds had an average of 100 cows and were between 7 months pregnant and 2 months after calving. The herds presented clinical cases of grass tetany, dead animals and hypomagnesaemia diagnosed by metabolic profile test. In two herds the cows were supplemented with MgO, (50 g/d/cow, mixed with silage, hay or grounded oats) for 44 to 55 days. In one trial the cows were supplemented with MgSO4 (0.5% in the drinking water) for 44 days. In the last herd the cows were supplemented with MgSO4 before calving and with MgO after calving in a similar way to the previous trials. Blood and urine samples were collected from 10 cows in each herd, starting 1 day before supplementation, and every 11&plusmn;2 days during the supplementation period and for one week after. The concentrations of serum magnesium (Mg-s), urinary magnesium (Mg-u) and creatinine corrected urinary magnesium (CUM) were determined in the samples. Of the two herds supplemented with MgO, only one presented a significant increase of Mg-s (p<0.05) during the supplementation period, reaching values of 0.71-0.78 mmol/l; whereas the Mg-u concentration of the same herd presented a significative increase (p<0.05), with values above the reference of <1.5 mmol/l. The herd supplemented with MgSO4 showed a significant increase of Mg-s (p<0.05) but the Mg-u did not increases during the supplementation period. In the last trial the Mg-s and Mg-u did not show any significant variation (p<0.05). The CUM presented a significant increase (p<0.05) in all the trials, but the values remained below the minimal reference value of 1 mmol/l. The proportion of animals with clinical hypomagnesaemic tetany decreased from 1.9% during the two months before supplementation to 0.3% and the mortality decreased from 1.2% to 0% in the same period. According to these results, in beef cows with hypomagnesaemia, supplementation with MgO given in food or MgSO4 in the drinking water is effective in maintaining or increasing the concentrations of Mg-s, Mg-u and CUM, and in reducing the incidence of clinical cases and deaths produced by grass tetany

The geochemical and isotopic composition of surface waters and groundwater in the Velenje Basin, Slovenia, was investigated seasonally to determine the relationship between major aquifers and surface waters, water–rock reactions, relative ages of groundwater, and biogeochemical processes. Groundwater in the Triassic aquifer is dominated by HCO₃–, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺and δ¹³CDICindicating degradation of soil organic matter and dissolution of carbonate minerals, similar to surface waters. In addition, groundwater in the Triassic aquifer has δ¹⁸O and δD values that plot near surface waters on the local and global meteoric water lines, and detectable tritium, likely reflecting recent (<50 years) recharge. In contrast, groundwater in the Pliocene aquifers is enriched in Mg²⁺, Na⁺, Ca²⁺, K⁺, and Si, and has high alkalinity and δ¹³CDICvalues, with low SO₄²–and NO₃–concentrations. These waters have likely been influenced by sulfate reduction and microbial methanogenesis associated with coal seams and dissolution of feldspars and Mg-rich clay minerals. Pliocene aquifer waters are also depleted in¹⁸O and²H, and have³H concentrations near the detection limit, suggesting these waters are older, had a different recharge source, and have not mixed extensively with groundwater in the Triassic aquifer.

Para estudiar el efecto de la suplementación con Mg en rebaños de carne hipomagnesémicos, sobre las concentraciones sanguíneas y urinarias de Mg y la prevención de la tetania hipomagnesémica, se realizaron 4 ensayos en rebaños Hereford (vacas pre y postparto) con casos clínicos y muertes por tetania hipomagnesémica e hipomagnesemia diagnosticada mediante un perfil metabólico. En el ensayo 1 se utilizaron 50 g/d/vaca de MgO (equivalente a 25 g de Mg) sobre ensilaje o heno por 44 días; en el ensayo 2 se uso el MgO + NaCl en mezcla con avena chancada (equivalente a 25 g de Mg) por 55 días. En el ensayo 3 se utilizó MgSO4 al 0.5% en el agua de bebida, durante 44 días, equivalente a 10 g/d de Mg. En el ensayo 4 se utilizó MgSO4 en el último mes de gestación y MgO después del parto, en iguales dosis a las señaladas para los otros ensayos, durante 55 días. En 10 vacas de cada ensayo se obtuvieron muestras de sangre y orina previo a la suplementación, durante la suplementación (cada 11&plusmn;2 días) y 1 semana después de finalizada. En las muestras se determinaron las concentraciones de Mg sérico (Mg-s), Mg urinario (Mg-u) y Mg-u corregido por creatinina (CUM). Las concentraciones de Mg-s sólo en el ensayo 3 aumentaron significativamente (p<0.05) desde 0.64 mmol/l previo a la suplementación hasta 0.86 mmol/l a los 44 días de suplementación, el Mg-u y el CUM también aumentaron significativamente (p<0.05) durante ese período. En el ensayo 1 no aumentaron significativamente las concentraciones de Mg-s pero sí lo hicieron significativamente (p<0.05) las concentraciones de Mg-u y CUM. En el ensayo 4 no aumentaron las concentraciones de Mg-s ni Mg-u, pero sí aumentó significativamente (p<0.05) el CUM desde 0.12 mmol/l previo a la suplementación hasta 0.52 mmol/l a los 55 días de suplementación. En el ensayo 2 no aumentó significativamente el Mg-s ni Mg-u y el CUM fue variable en el transcurso del ensayo para aumentar significativamente (p<0.05) desde 0.17 mmol/l hasta 0.36 mmol/l a los 55 días de suplementación. El CUM, si bien aumentó significativamente en los 4 ensayos, se mantuvo bajo el límite de referencia de 1 mmol/l. La incidencia de casos clínicos de tetania hipomagnesémica y muertes disminuyó significativamente (p<0.05) en el total de animales de los ensayos. Los resultados señalan que en rebaños de carne con hipomagnesemia la suplementación con MgO en el alimento o MgSO4 disuelto en el agua de bebida es efectiva para mantener o aumentar las concentraciones de Mg-s, Mg-u y CUM, permitiendo reducir la incidencia de casos clínicos o muertes por tetania hipomagnesémica | The effects of supplementation with magnesium (Mg) salts on blood and urine Mg concentrations and the prevention of grass tetany in hypomagnesaemic beef herds were examined. Two systems of supplementation were tested in 4 beef herds at grazing, between July and December 1993. The herds had an average of 100 cows and were between 7 months pregnant and 2 months after calving. The herds presented clinical cases of grass tetany, dead animals and hypomagnesaemia diagnosed by metabolic profile test. In two herds the cows were supplemented with MgO, (50 g/d/cow, mixed with silage, hay or grounded oats) for 44 to 55 days. In one trial the cows were supplemented with MgSO4 (0.5% in the drinking water) for 44 days. In the last herd the cows were supplemented with MgSO4 before calving and with MgO after calving in a similar way to the previous trials. Blood and urine samples were collected from 10 cows in each herd, starting 1 day before supplementation, and every 11&plusmn;2 days during the supplementation period and for one week after. The concentrations of serum magnesium (Mg-s), urinary magnesium (Mg-u) and creatinine corrected urinary magnesium (CUM) were determined in the samples. Of the two herds supplemented with MgO, only one presented a significant increase of Mg-s (p<0.05) during the supplementation period, reaching values of 0.71-0.78 mmol/l; whereas the Mg-u concentration of the same herd presented a significative increase (p<0.05), with values above the reference of <1.5 mmol/l. The herd supplemented with MgSO4 showed a significant increase of Mg-s (p<0.05) but the Mg-u did not increases during the supplementation period. In the last trial the Mg-s and Mg-u did not show any significant variation (p<0.05). The CUM presented a significant increase (p<0.05) in all the trials, but the values remained below the minimal reference value of 1 mmol/l. The proportion of animals with clinical hypomagnesaemic tetany decreased from 1.9% during the two months before supplementation to 0.3% and the mortality decreased from 1.2% to 0% in the same period. According to these results, in beef cows with hypomagnesaemia, supplementation with MgO given in food or MgSO4 in the drinking water is effective in maintaining or increasing the concentrations of Mg-s, Mg-u and CUM, and in reducing the incidence of clinical cases and deaths produced by grass tetany

The City of Manson, Iowa (USA), lies near the center of the Manson Impact Structure (MIS), a 37-km diameter impact crater that formed about 74 million years ago. The MIS is present at the bedrock surface, but it is completely buried by 20–90 m (70–300 ft) of glacial till and displays no surface expression. Groundwater samples were collected from Manson’s municipal well and nearby domestic wells to assess the sustainability of unusually soft water that typifies the central peak of the Manson Impact Structure. Groundwater quality indices from the various aquifer sources were distinctly different, with groundwater from the central peak of the crater exhibiting low Ca (<22 mg/L) and alkalinity (<127 mg/L as CaCO₃), and high concentrations of fluoride (>3.7 mg/L; max = 10.0 mg/L) and certain trace elements (e.g. Li, Mo, W). In contrast, groundwater collected from wells in overlying Quaternary aquifers was very hard (high Ca and Mg), with high alkalinity (>261 mg/L as CaCO₃), sulfate (58–485 mg/L) and occasionally nitrate-N (up to 6 mg/L). Age-dating techniques using³H,¹⁴C, and³⁶Cl suggested water older than 35,000 years to possibly as old as 1,000,000 years within the central peak aquifer, but indicated recent water in overlying aquifers. Pumping of the Manson municipal wells appears to be mining old water of the central peak aquifer and drawing modern water containing elevated hardness and nitrate-N down into the aquifer. The Manson example illustrates a source-water challenge of balancing aquifer quality with sustainability.