This publication provides guidance to water-sector decision makers and planners on how to deal with the quality dimension of groundwater resources management in the World Bank's client countries. There is growing evidence of increasing pollution threats to groundwater and some well-documented cases of irreversible damage to important aquifers. This guide has been produced in the belief that groundwater pollution hazard assessment must become an essential part of environmental best practice for water supply utilities. The guide is particularly relevant for the World Bank's Latin American and Caribbean Region, where many countries have initiated major changes to modernize their institutional and legal framework for water resources management, but may not yet have considered groundwater at the same level as surface water, because of lack of awareness and knowledge of groundwater issues and policy options.

Como parte del proyecto de implementación de la dieta macrobiótica en Cuba se valoró la situación de una arcilla italiana, empleada para enriquecer al agua potable con sales minerales, por una cubana similar (bentonita natural de Managua tipo 1). La caracterización minerológica, química y granulométrica de ambas arcillas fue similar. Se estudió el efecto de tres concentraciones de arcilla cubana en agua potable (0,1; 0,5 y 1 %) después de 24 h. Este tratamiento incrementó significativamente las concentraciones de sodio, magnesio y hierro y disminuyó las de calcio, cinc y cobre en el agua; todos los elementos cumplieron con las normas vigentes de agua potable. | The substitution of an Italian clay, used to enrich the supply water with mineral salts, by a similar one from Cuban origin (natural bentonite of Managua type 1) was considered, as part of a project for the implementation of the macrobiotic diet in Cuba. The mineralogical, chemical and granulometric characteristics of both clays were similar. The effect of three concentrations of Cuban clay in drinking water (0.1; 0.5 and 1%) on physical-chemical characteristics of the water after 24 h of interchange was studied. The water treated achieved the physical-chemical characteristics established in the Cuban standards for consumption water. The effect of 1% of this clay on concentration of 16 elements that could be present in the water after 24 h was studied. This treatment increased the concentrations of sodium, magnesium and iron significantly and diminished those of calcium, zinc and copper in the water all the elements achieved the established standars. | Unpublished | foods enrichment | minerals enrichment

A trial was carried out to evaluate the performance of female ROSS 308 broilers, from 1 to 21 days of age, submitted to 20% of water restriction (WR) or ad libitum water and four different sodium levels by adding NaCl to the drinking water (0, 150, 300, or 450 ppm) from 1 to 7 days of age. A control group, with four replications (rep), housed one day before the beginning of the experiment, was used as reference for WR calculation. Two commercial diets where fed from 1 to 7 days and from 8 to 21 days to all birds. The chicks were raised in battery cages. A randomized complete design, in a 2 × 4 factorial arrangement, with four replications/treatment and 14 birds/replicate, was applied. Feed intake (FI), weight gain (WG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the first week were influenced by WR. During this period, there was a significant interaction between factors, showing that in chicks not submitted to WR, water consumption increased with sodium levels. Also, at 7 days of age, excreta and carcass dry matter contents were higher in WR animals. During the second week, WR continued to affect FI, but the previously WR broilers presented better FCR, higher WG, and water consumption than the non-WR broilers. Mortality was not affected either by WR or sodium levels. At 21 days of age, except for FI, no significant differences were observed between restricted and non-restricted birds. Sodium levels up to 450 ppm were not toxic to the birds. These results suggested that if optimal conditions are offered, broilers quickly overcome unfavorable circumstances to their growth. | Avaliou-se o desempenho de frangos de corte, fêmeas Ross 308, até os 21 dias de idade submetidos à restrição hídrica de 20% ou água à vontade e quatro níveis de sódio, por meio da adição de NaCl na água (0, 150, 300 ou 450 ppm) na primeira semana de vida. Um grupo controle, com quatro repetições, alojado um dia antes do início do experimento, foi usado como referência no cálculo da restrição hídrica. Foram fornecidas duas dietas comerciais nos períodos de 1 a 7 dias e de 8 a 21 dias. As aves foram criadas em baterias metálicas, distribuídas em esquema fatorial 2 × 4, com 4 repetições de 14 aves por tratamento. O consumo de ração, o ganho de peso e a conversão alimentar dos pintos aos 7 dias de idade foram influenciados pela restrição hídrica. Nesse período, houve interação entre os fatores, comprovando que os pintos que não sofreram restrição hídrica aumentaram o consumo de água com o aumento dos níveis de sódio na água. Também aos 7 dias de idade, a matéria seca das excretas e das carcaças foi maior nos animais em restrição hídrica. Na segunda semana, o efeito da restrição hídrica anterior continuou prejudicando o consumo de ração, mas as aves submetidas previamente à restrição apresentaram melhor conversão alimentar, maior ganho de peso e maior consumo de água em relação àquelas mantidas com consumo à vontade. A mortalidade não foi afetada por qualquer dos fatores analisados. Aos 21 dias de idade, com exceção do consumo de ração, as respostas para os demais parâmetros de desempenho foram iguais entre aves sob restrição e sem restrição hídrica. Valores de até 450 ppm de sódio não são tóxicos aos animais. Em condições adequadas, frangos de corte conseguem reverter rapidamente circunstâncias adversas a seu crescimento.

A trial was carried out to evaluate the performance of female ROSS 308 broilers, from 1 to 21 days of age, submitted to 20% of water restriction (WR) or ad libitum water and four different sodium levels by adding NaCl to the drinking water (0, 150, 300, or 450 ppm) from 1 to 7 days of age. A control group, with four replications (rep), housed one day before the beginning of the experiment, was used as reference for WR calculation. Two commercial diets where fed from 1 to 7 days and from 8 to 21 days to all birds. The chicks were raised in battery cages. A randomized complete design, in a 2 × 4 factorial arrangement, with four replications/treatment and 14 birds/replicate, was applied. Feed intake (FI), weight gain (WG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the first week were influenced by WR. During this period, there was a significant interaction between factors, showing that in chicks not submitted to WR, water consumption increased with sodium levels. Also, at 7 days of age, excreta and carcass dry matter contents were higher in WR animals. During the second week, WR continued to affect FI, but the previously WR broilers presented better FCR, higher WG, and water consumption than the non-WR broilers. Mortality was not affected either by WR or sodium levels. At 21 days of age, except for FI, no significant differences were observed between restricted and non-restricted birds. Sodium levels up to 450 ppm were not toxic to the birds. These results suggested that if optimal conditions are offered, broilers quickly overcome unfavorable circumstances to their growth.<br>Avaliou-se o desempenho de frangos de corte, fêmeas Ross 308, até os 21 dias de idade submetidos à restrição hídrica de 20% ou água à vontade e quatro níveis de sódio, por meio da adição de NaCl na água (0, 150, 300 ou 450 ppm) na primeira semana de vida. Um grupo controle, com quatro repetições, alojado um dia antes do início do experimento, foi usado como referência no cálculo da restrição hídrica. Foram fornecidas duas dietas comerciais nos períodos de 1 a 7 dias e de 8 a 21 dias. As aves foram criadas em baterias metálicas, distribuídas em esquema fatorial 2 × 4, com 4 repetições de 14 aves por tratamento. O consumo de ração, o ganho de peso e a conversão alimentar dos pintos aos 7 dias de idade foram influenciados pela restrição hídrica. Nesse período, houve interação entre os fatores, comprovando que os pintos que não sofreram restrição hídrica aumentaram o consumo de água com o aumento dos níveis de sódio na água. Também aos 7 dias de idade, a matéria seca das excretas e das carcaças foi maior nos animais em restrição hídrica. Na segunda semana, o efeito da restrição hídrica anterior continuou prejudicando o consumo de ração, mas as aves submetidas previamente à restrição apresentaram melhor conversão alimentar, maior ganho de peso e maior consumo de água em relação àquelas mantidas com consumo à vontade. A mortalidade não foi afetada por qualquer dos fatores analisados. Aos 21 dias de idade, com exceção do consumo de ração, as respostas para os demais parâmetros de desempenho foram iguais entre aves sob restrição e sem restrição hídrica. Valores de até 450 ppm de sódio não são tóxicos aos animais. Em condições adequadas, frangos de corte conseguem reverter rapidamente circunstâncias adversas a seu crescimento.

Objetivou-se, neste trabalho, avaliar a qualidade nutricional e microbiológica de feijão (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), processado com o aproveitamento ou não da água de maceração. Grãos de duas cultivares de feijão comum - Iraí (grãos bege com estrias vermelhas) e BRS Expedito (grãos pretos) -foram submetidos à embebição em água destilada por oito horas, à temperatura ambiente. O cozimento foi realizado com e sem o aproveitamento da água de maceração. Os minerais foram determinados nos grãos e no caldo, separadamente, e os microrganismos, na mistura de grãos e caldo. Os resultados obtidos evidenciam que a composição de minerais nos grãos e no caldo de feijão não foi alterada pelo descarte da água de maceração para o cozimento. O caldo de feijão apresentou altos teores de fósforo, potássio, magnésio e enxofre. A eliminação da água de maceração não melhorou a qualidade microbiológica do feijão processado. O cozimento das cultivares de feijão Iraí e BRS Expedito pode ser realizado com o aproveitamento ou com o descarte da água de maceração, pois há manutenção do teor de minerais e da qualidade microbiológica do feijão.<br>The aim of this work was to evaluate the nutritional and microbiological quality of common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) processed with or without soaking water. Two common bean cultivars grains (Iraí and BRS Expedito) were subjected to soaking in distilled water for eight hours, at environmental temperature. The cooking was made with the use or discard of soaking water. The minerals were determinated in grains and broth separatedely and microorganisms associated. The results did not show changes for the minerals content in grains and broth with discard of the soaking water. The bean broth showed high phosphorus, potassium, magnesium and sulfur content. The discard of the soaking water did not improve microbiological quality of the processed common beans. Iraí and BRS Expedito cultivars may be cooked with the use or discard of soaking water because minerals content and microbiological quality of the processed common beans are maintained.

Este trabalho teve como objetivo estudar as características físico-químicas e minerais da água de coco de frutos da variedade anã amarelo, em diferentes idades de colheita. Os resultados das determinações do pH, acidez, sólidos solúveis, açúcares redutores e não-redutores e condutividade elétrica da água de coco variaram,respectivamente, de 4,65 a 5,52, 0,02% a 0,54%, 4,40% a 8,70 ºBrix, 4,72% a 6,67%, 0,14% a 0,32% e 4,10 dS.m-1 a 6,15 dS.m-1. Observou-se, de maneira geral, que os constituintes físico-químicos mostraram diferenças importantes, especialmente no que diz respeito aos sólidos solúveis totais e aos açúcares redutores e não-redutores. No que se refere aos constituintes minerais da água de coco estudada, as maiores concentrações encontradas foram para os eletrólitos de potássio (3.149,04 mg/L), cálcio (226,79 mg/L) e magnésio (115,87 mg/L). Em análise comparativa das águas de coco em diferentes idades, as médias dos componentes minerais diferiram entre si ao nível de 5% de significância.<br><br>This present work was conducted in order to evaluate the physical-chemical characteristics and minerals constituents of yellow dwarf coconut water variety harvested in different ages. The results of pH, acidity, soluble solids, reducing and non reducing sugars, and electric conductivity of coconut water ranged from 4.65 to 5.52; 0.02 to 0.54%; 4.40 to 8.70 ºBrix; 4.72 to 6.67%; 0.14 to 0.32%, and 4.10 dS.m-1 to 6.15 dS.m-1, respectively. It was observed in a generalmanner that the physical-chemical characteristics showed significant differences in special concerning to the total soluble solid, reducing and non-reducing sugars. In relation to the coconut water mineral constituents, the major concentration was found in potassiumelectrolytes (3149.04 mgL); calcium (226.79 mg/L) and magnesium (115.87 mg/L). In comparative analysis of different ages coconut water, the mineral constituents average differed by themselves at level of 5% of significance.

The aim of this work was to evaluate the nutritional and microbiological quality of common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) processed with or without soaking water. Two common bean cultivars grains (Iraí and BRS Expedito) were subjected to soaking in distilled water for eight hours, at environmental temperature. The cooking was made with the use or discard of soaking water. The minerals were determinated in grains and broth separatedely and microorganisms associated. The results did not show changes for the minerals content in grains and broth with discard of the soaking water. The bean broth showed high phosphorus, potassium, magnesium and sulfur content. The discard of the soaking water did not improve microbiological quality of the processed common beans. Iraí and BRS Expedito cultivars may be cooked with the use or discard of soaking water because minerals content and microbiological quality of the processed common beans are maintained. | Objetivou-se, neste trabalho, avaliar a qualidade nutricional e microbiológica de feijão (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), processado com o aproveitamento ou não da água de maceração. Grãos de duas cultivares de feijão comum - Iraí (grãos bege com estrias vermelhas) e BRS Expedito (grãos pretos) -foram submetidos à embebição em água destilada por oito horas, à temperatura ambiente. O cozimento foi realizado com e sem o aproveitamento da água de maceração. Os minerais foram determinados nos grãos e no caldo, separadamente, e os microrganismos, na mistura de grãos e caldo. Os resultados obtidos evidenciam que a composição de minerais nos grãos e no caldo de feijão não foi alterada pelo descarte da água de maceração para o cozimento. O caldo de feijão apresentou altos teores de fósforo, potássio, magnésio e enxofre. A eliminação da água de maceração não melhorou a qualidade microbiológica do feijão processado. O cozimento das cultivares de feijão Iraí e BRS Expedito pode ser realizado com o aproveitamento ou com o descarte da água de maceração, pois há manutenção do teor de minerais e da qualidade microbiológica do feijão.

A combined simulation-optimization model was developed to minimize the freshwater footprint at multi-well hydraulic fracturing sites. The model seeks to reduce freshwater use by blending it with brackish groundwater and recovered water. Time-varying water quality and quantity mass balance expressions and drawdown calculations using the Theis solution along with the superposition principle were embedded into the optimization model and solved using genetic algorithms. The model was parameterized for representative conditions in the Permian Basin oil and gas play region with the Dockum Formation serving as the brackish water source (Texas, USA). The results indicate that freshwater use can be reduced by 25–30 % by blending. Recovered water accounted for 2–3 % of the total blend or 10–15 % of total water recovered on-site. The concentration requirements of sulfate and magnesium limited blending. The evaporation in the frac pit constrained the amount blended during summer, while well yield of the brackish (Dockum) aquifer constrained the blending during winter. The Edwards-Trinity aquifer provided the best quality water compared to the Ogallala and Pecos Valley aquifers. However, the aquifer has low diffusivity causing the drawdown impacts to be felt over large areas. Speciation calculations carried out using PHREEQC indicated that precipitation of barium and strontium minerals is unlikely in the blended water. Conversely, the potential for precipitation of iron minerals is high. The developed simulation-optimization modeling framework is flexible and easily adapted for water management at other fracturing sites.

In the Huasteca Potosina, Mexico, there have been no comprehensive diagnostics on minerals in dual-purpose cattle grazing throughout the year, so the aim of this study was to determine the concentrations and interrelationships of minerals in water, forage and serum of dual-purpose cattle. For this purpose, we collected 84 samples of water, 99 samples of forage and 463 samples of serum from cattle in 17 production units of the Huasteca Potosina, during the wet season (August and September) and dry season (April and May) of 2008. The concentration of Ca, P, Mg, K, Na, Fe, Zn, Cu and Mn were measured in water, forage and serum. We used a completely randomized experimental design, and analyzed data with the general linear model. The effects of production unit (PU), season (S), cattle age (CE) and their interactions were evaluated. A higher (p <0.01) concentration of Ca, Mg, K, Na, Fe and Zn was found in water in the dry season than in the wet season. In forage, the concentrations of Ca, P, Mg, K and Zn were deficient in both seasons. In serum, the content of Ca, Mg, K, Na and Cu was higher (p<0.05) in the dry season than in the wet season; and in young cattle there was more P than in adult cattle. The UP*S interaction affected (p< 0.01) the content of Ca, P, Mg, K, Na and Cu in serum; the interaction UP*CE influenced (p<0.01) the concentration of Ca; and cattle showed deficiencies in Ca, Na, Cu, Fe and Zn during the rainy season. With the exception of P in dry season (R²=0.64; p<0.01), R² was higher than 0.90 (p< 0.01) to predict serum concentrations of Ca, Mg, K, Na and Cu in the two seasons, and P, Fe and Zn in the wet season. Cattle of the Huasteca Potosina have mineral imbalances, especially during the rainy season; and the grazing areas do not provide adequate levels of minerals to meet their needs. | En la Huasteca Potosina no se han realizado diagnósticos integrales sobre los minerales en los bovinos de doble propósito en pastoreo a través del año, por lo cual el objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar la concentración e interrelación de minerales en agua, forraje y suero de bovinos de doble propósito. Para ello, se recolectaron 84 muestras de agua, 99 muestras de forraje y suero de 463 bovinos en 17 unidades de producción de la Huasteca Potosina, en la época húmeda (agosto y septiembre) y seca (abril y mayo) del 2008. Las concentraciones de Ca, P, Mg, K, Na, Fe, Zn, Cu y Mn se midieron en agua, forraje y suero. El diseño experimental fue completamente al azar y los datos se analizaron con el modelo lineal general. Los efectos de unidad de producción (UP), época (Ep), edad de los bovinos (Ed) y sus interacciones fueron evaluados. En el agua hubo mayor (p<0.01) contenido de Ca, Mg, K, Na, Fe y Zn en la época seca que en la húmeda. En los forrajes, las concentraciones de Ca, P, Mg, K y Zn fueron deficientes en ambas épocas. En el suero el contenido de Ca, Mg, K, Na y Cu fue mayor en la época seca que en la húmeda, y en el suero de los bovinos jóvenes hubo más P (p<0.05) que en los adultos. La interacción UP*Ep afectó (p<0.01) el contenido de Ca, P, Mg, K, Na y Cu en el suero; la interacción UP*Ed influyó (p<0.01) en la concentración de Ca; y los bovinos tuvieron deficiencia de Ca, Na, Cu, Fe y Zn durante la época de lluvias. Con excepción del P en la época seca (R² = 0.64; p< 0.01), el R² fue mayor a 0.90 (p< 0.01) para predecir las concentraciones séricas de Ca, Mg, K, Na y Cu en ambas épocas y de P, Fe y Zn en la época húmeda. Los bovinos de doble propósito de la Huasteca Potosina presentan desequilibrios minerales, principalmente durante la época de lluvias, y las áreas de pastoreo no proveen los minerales suficientes para cubrir sus necesidades.

The effects of mineral addition in feed or water on performance parameters and heart rate (HR) were evaluated in broilers at 28-35 d and  36 d under both chronic heat stress (CHS) and acute heat stress (AHS) in laboratory conditions. One-hundred ninety two broilers were used, distributed in 6 cages and 4 rooms, according to weight, with 8 animals per cage: four males and four females. For individual measurements, at 21 d, 2 males and 2 females out of 8 broilers were chosen and classified as: heavy male; light male; heavy female and; heavy female. For HR measurement, 48 broilers were used. The assay included 3 treatments (T): T1: A basal diet (BD); T2: BD plus mineral addition in feed; T3: a BD plus mineral addition in water. The experimental design was completely randomized with 4 repetitions/treatment. Composition of the mineral formula used was: NaHCO3 (0.83%); NH4Cl (0.07%); NaCl (0.30%), attaining a final balance of 240 mEq/kg. The following was measured: feed consumption (FC), water consumption (WC) body weight gain (BWG), feed conversion efficiency (FCE), body temperature (BT), HR, hyperventilation level (HL), blood pH, blood gases (BG), and blood electrolytes. The results were analyzed with ANOVA and mortality rate (MR) was evaluated through the Chi-square procedure. The results show that FC, BWG and FCE were similar for all T. The WC for T2 (300±23.0 mL/bird/period) and T3 (290±19.0 mL/bird/period) was higher (P=0,016) than for T1 (220±12 mL/bird/period). The lowest M (15.63 % vs 37.50%) was found in T3 vs T1 (P<0.001). The HR and HL were not affected by T during CHS and AHS. Tachycardia was the result of AHS due to higher environmental temperatures. Assessment of parameters such as cardiac output, blood pressure, stroke volume, total peripheral resistance, electrocardiogram wave morphology is advised to clarify cardiovascular function under heat stress. | Se evaluaron en ambiente semicontrolado, los efectos de adición de minerales en agua o alimento sobre parámetros productivos y frecuencia cardiaca (FC) en pollos de engorde de 28-35 d y 36 d bajo estrés calórico crónico (ECC) y estrés calórico agudo (ECA), respectivamente. Se usó un total de 192 pollos, según peso, distribuidos en 6 corrales y 4 salas, asignándose 8 pollos/corral: cuatro machos y cuatro hembras. A los 21 d, para las medidas individuales, de los 8 pollos se seleccionaron 2 machos y 2 hembras, identificándolos como macho pesado, macho liviano, hembra pesada y hembra liviana. Para FC, se escogieron 48 pollos. El ensayo incluyó 3 tratamientos (T): T1: Alimento balanceado (AB); T2: AB con adición mineral y T3: AB con adición mineral en agua. El diseño utilizado fue completamente al azar con 4 repeticiones/tratamiento. La composición del suplemento mineral fue: NaHCO3 (0,83%); NH4Cl (0,07%) y; NaCl (0,30%) con un balance electrolítico de 240 mEq/kg. Se evaluó consumo de alimento (CAL), consumo de agua (CAG), ganancia de peso (GP), conversión alimenticia (CA), temperatura corporal (TC), nivel dehiperventilación (NH), FC, gases y  electrólitos en sangre, y mortalidad (M). Los datos fueron analizados mediante ANAVAR. Se usó Chi cuadrado para calcular el porcentaje de mortalidad. Los resultados muestran que CAL, GP y CA fueron similares en todos los T. El CAG en T2 (300 ± 23,0 mL/pollo/período) y T3 (290±19,0 mL/pollo/período) fue mayor (P=0,016) que T1 (220±12 mL/pollo/período). La menor M (15,63 % vs 37,50 %) se produjo entre T3 vs T1 (P<0,001). Los T no afectaron NH ni FC durante ECC y ECA. En todos los T hubo taquicardia significativa (P<0,001) solamente en ECA, debido a mayores temperaturas ambientales. Se recomienda determinar gasto cardiaco, presión arterial, volumen de eyección, resistencia periférica total y morfología de ondas del electrocardiograma, para clarificar la función cardiovascular en condiciones de estrés calórico.