El objetivo de este trabjo ha sido investigar el efecto que tiene el agua residual urbana depurada sobre la nutricion, desarrollo, calidad del fruto y productividad en arboles jovenes de citricos. La experiencia se ha llevado a cabo durante las campanas 96, 97 y 98. Para llevar a cabo los objetivos planteados, una parcela situada en la depuradora de castellon y cultivada con arboles de citricos, Citrus sinensis, de dos anos de edad, se dividio en dos subparcelas: una se rego con agua residual urbana depurada (ARUD) y la otra con agua de pozo (AP). Los resultados muestran diferencias significativas respecto a la composicion de ambos tipos de agua, encontrandose en el agua residual urbana depurada valores superiores de P, Ca++, Mg++, Na+, Cl-, K+ y B. Se ha comprobado, asi mismo, que no existen diferencias significativas respecto a las caracteristicas de los frutos (color, diametro del tronco, corteza, etc.), en todas las campanas y para ambos tipos de arboles. Durante la campana 98 no se han encontrado diferencias significativas respecto a la productividad en ambos tipos de arboles. Tambien cabe destacar que los arboles regados con ARUD y AP muestran un desarrollo optimo, no existiendo diferencias significativas en ambos tipos de arboles y en todas las campanas. Por otra parte, los resultados mostraron que las concentraciones de N foliar eran optimas para el desarrollo de los arboles regados con ARUD y AP. Respecto al resto de elementos estudiados se han encontrado niveles optimos para el crecimiento de los arboles. Los niveles de Cl-, Na+ y B en arboles regados con ARUD estan dentro de los rangos que se consideran que no son perjudiciales para el cultivo de los citricos.

In the locality of El Espinal, Tolima, the effect of water stress on leaf water potential and gas exchange of plants three clones of cacao (Theobroma cacao L) was evaluated. The experiment was established in a split plot design in randomized block arrangement. The main plot was four levels of available soil water, subplot grafted seedlings to three months of three clones with five repetitions. The results showed highly significant differences (P <0.01) in content of soil water, but no differences between the materials evaluated. The loss of water in the soil decreases leaf water potential (Ψf) and causes stomatal closure altering gas exchange and vapor pressure deficit (DPV) accentuates mainly at noon with increasing evapotranspiration. The magnitude of impact of water deficit depends on climatic variations throughout the day. The climatic variables that affect plant development, are temperature and relative humidity in the form of DPV. Net photosynthesis and growth of cocoa seedlings are physiological variables very sensitive to excess and especially to water deficit. | En el estudio se evaluó el efecto del déficit de agua en el potencial hídrico foliar y el intercambio de gases de plantas de tres clones de cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) en etapa de vivero.  El experimento se estableció en un diseño de parcela dividida con arreglo de bloques aleatorizados y cinco repeticiones.  La parcela principal correspondió a cuatro niveles de agua disponible en el suelo y la subparcela a plántulas injerta-das de tres meses de edad.  Los resultados mostraron diferencias altamente significativas (P < 0.01) para los contenidos de agua en el suelo, pero no se encontraron diferencias entre los materiales evaluados.  La pérdida de agua en el suelo disminuyó el potencial hídrico foliar (Ψf) y ocasionó el cierre de estomas alte-rando el intercambio de gases.  El déficit de presión de vapor (DPV) se acentuó principalmente en horas del mediodía cuando aumentó la evapotranspiración.  La magnitud del impacto del déficit hídrico depende de las variaciones climáticas a lo largo del día.  Las variables climáticas que afectaron el desarrollo de la planta fueron la temperatura y la humedad relativa en forma de DPV.  La fotosíntesis neta y el crecimien-to de las plántulas de cacao son variables fisiológicas muy sensibles al exceso y especialmente al déficit de agua.

Amaranth (Amaranthus hypochondriacus L.), which is considered an alternative source of vegetable protein, is grown particularly under rainfed conditions. Therefore, it is important to look for better management practices that lead to a more efficient use of resources, such as water and essential nutriments, to obtain higher yields. The aim of this work was to determine the influence of nitrogen and plant density on phenology, nitrogen and water use efficiency (WUE), biomass production, and seed yield of amaranth planted on June 11, 1999, with 0, 10, and 20 g m(-2) N and 12.5, 25.0, and 33.3 plants m(-2). With the application of N and with a higher plant density (PD), the efficiency in water use and in N was greater, and in consequence, biomass production and yield increased as well. These increments were higher with higher N level and higher DP. In this way, with 20 g N m(-2) and 33.3 plant m(-2) a biomass production of 2827 g m(-2) and seed yield of 346 g m(-2) were obtained. Phenology was not affected by the treatments. The requirement of sowing heat units to physiological maturity was 1629 UC and 385 mm of water used in evapotranspiration.

The use of wastewater in the preparation of the nutrient solution in semi-hydroponic cultivation both increases the supply of water in regions where it is scarce and recycles the nutrients it contains, making them available to plants. Taking these aspects into consideration, the aim of this study was to analyse the growth and development of sunflower plants for ornamental purposes, when grown under a semi-hydroponic system, using wastewater in the preparation of nutrient solutions based on NPK at increasing nutrient concentrations (55, 70, 85 and 100%), and in different growth substrates (coconut fibre, washed sand and sugarcane bagasse). The treatments were arranged in a completely randomised design and analysed in a 4 x 3 factorial scheme with three replications, giving a total of 36 experimental units. It was found that even with the concentration of NPK in the nutrient solution reduced to 55%, the growth of sunflower plants for ornamental purposes remains within commercial standards, provided that wastewater is used in the preparation of the nutrient solution, and coconut fibre or washed sand as the growth substrate. | A utilização da água residuária no preparo da solução nutritiva em cultivos semi-hidropônicos, tanto incrementa a oferta de água em regiões de escassez quanto recicla os nutrientes nela contidos disponibilizando-os às plantas. Considerando estes aspectos, buscou-se com o presente trabalho, analisar o crescimento e desenvolvimento de plantas de girassol para fins ornamentais, cultivadas em sistema semi-hidropônico, utilizando água residuária no preparo de soluções nutritivas com concentrações nutricionais crescentes (55; 70; 85 e 100%) à base de NPK, e diferentes substratos de cultivo (fibra de coco, areia lavada e bagaço de cana de açúcar). Os tratamentos foram distribuídos em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, analisado em esquema fatorial 4x3, com três repetições, totalizando 36 unidades experimentais. Concluiu-se que mesmo com a redução da concentração de NPK da solução nutritiva para 55%, o crescimento de plantas de girassol para fins ornamentais permanece dentro do padrão comercial, desde que seja utilizado água residuária no preparo da solução nutritiva e fibra de coco ou areia lavada como substrato de cultivo.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do nitrogênio e do potássio, aplicados via água de irrigação por microaspersão, sobre as características de produção da bananeira, cv. Grand Naine. O delineamento utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos consistiram de 30, 180, 300, 420 e 570 kg ha-1 ano-1 de N e de 55, 330, 550, 770 e 1.045 kg ha-1 ano-1 de K2O, e testemunha, sem adubação, totalizando onze tratamentos, de acordo com o modelo da matriz experimental de Plan Puebla III. Foram avaliadas as características: massa média de fruto, massa média de cacho e produtividade, referentes ao primeiro e segundo ciclos de produção. No primeiro e segundo ciclos, a massa média de fruto, a massa média de cacho e a produtividade foram influenciadas apenas pelas doses de potássio. Os maiores valores de massa média de fruto (253,47 g), massa média de cacho (28 kg) e produtividade (55,42 t ha-1), no primeiro ciclo, foram obtidos com a aplicação de 938,31, 665,38 e 665,27 kg ha-1 de K2O, respectivamente. No segundo ciclo, os maiores valores em relação à massa média de fruto (174, 22 g), massa média de cacho (32,04 kg) e produtividade (60,08 t ha-1) foram alcançados com a aplicação de 725,50, 907,50 e 933,33 kg ha-1 de K2O, respectivamente. Não houve resposta das características avaliadas ao nitrogênio. | The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of nitrogen and potassium, applied through irrigation water by microsprinkler, on the production characteristics of banana, cv. Grand Naine. The experimental design was a randomized block with four replications. The treatments consisted of 30, 180, 300, 420 and 570 kg ha-1 year-1 of N and of 55, 330, 550, 770 and 1,045 kg ha-1 year-1 of K2O and a control treatment (no fertilizers), totalizing 11 treatments, according to the Plan Puebla III experimental matrix model. The following characteristics were evaluated: average fruit mass, average bunch mass, and fruit yield, referent to the first and the second production cycles. In the first and second production cycle, average fruit mass, average bunch mass and fruit yield were influenced only by the potassium. Higher values of average fruit mass (253.47 g), average bunch mass (28 kg) and fruit yield (55.42 t ha-1), for the first production cycle, were obtained with the application of 938.46, 665.38 and 635.00 kg ha-1 of K2O, respectively. In the second cycle, higher values in relation average fruit mass (174.22 g), average bunch mass (32.04 kg) and yield (60.89 t ha-1) were gathered with the application of 725.50, 907.50 and 933.33 kg ha-1 of K2O, respectively. There was no response of evaluated characteristics to nitrogen.