Grazing animals are exposed to heat stress and there should be conditions to facilitate water intake. Three experiments were carried out to determine the relationship between water intake, water temperature, and heat stress for Holstein pastured dairy cows. Experiment 1: Drinking behavior of 13 cows was evaluated (for 3 consecutive days) and four time periods were established according to the temperature humidity index (TI-11): (H1:05:00 to 10:59 h, H2: 11:00 to 16:59 h, H3:17:00 to 22:59 h, and H4:23:00 to 04:59 h). The highest mean percentage of drinking bouts (53.2%) was registered in H2 (THI: 74.91 to 83.95). Drinking bout means among time periods were different (p < 0.05), thus showing that heat stress conditions influence drinking behavior. Experiment 2: Three water troughs were placed in the sun (S) and three under a 2.2 m high structure covered with shade cloth (MS). Water temperature was registered at 10:00, 13:30, and 17:00 h, twice a week for 6 weeks. Mean water temperatures at 17:00 h were 33.2 ± 1.6ºC (S) and 25.3 ± 1.9ºC (MS) and showed significant differences (p < 0.05), thus supporting the shade cloth effect. Experiment 3: Five cows were offered water simultaneously at 18 and 31 ºC (Tl and T2), for 10 min, twice a day for 5 d. There were no significant differences among treatments (p > 0.05). Recorded water intake in Tl (18 L) was lower than in T2 (35.9 L), although body heat dissipation was higher (Tl = 672.64 kJ d -1 , T2 = 620.76 kJ d -1 ). | Los animales en pastoreo están expuestos al estrés calórico, siendo fundamental proveer agua en condiciones que faciliten su consumo. Se desarrollaron tres experimentos para determinar las relaciones entre el consumo del agua de bebida con la temperatura del agua y el estrés calórico, en vacas lecheras en pastoreo. Experimento 1: Se evaluó el comportamiento de abrevado en 13 vacas (3 días consecutivos), estableciéndose cuatro franjas horarias según índice de temperatura y humedad (THI): (H1:05:00-10:59 h, H2:11:00-16:59 h, H3:17:00- 22:59 h y H4:23:00-04:59 h). En H2 (THI: 74,91-83,95) se registró el mayor porcentaje medio de accesos al bebedero (53,2%). Las medianas de los eventos “beber” por franjas horarias resultaron diferentes (p < 0,05), demostrándose que las condiciones de estrés calórico influyen sobre el comportamiento de bebida. Experimento 2: Tres bebederos con agua fueron colocados al sol (S) y tres bajo estructura de red 80% sombra (MS), a 2,2 m de altura, registrándose la temperatura del agua a las 10:00, 13:30 y 17:00 h, dos veces por semana (6 semanas). A las 17:00 h la temperatura media del agua, 33,2 ± 1,6 ºC (S) y 25,3 ± 1,9 ºC (MS) presentó diferencias significativas (p < 0,05), mostrando el efecto de MS. Experimento 3: Se ofreció agua a 18 y 31 ºC (T1 y T2) durante 10 min dos veces al día (5 d) a cinco vacas. No hubo diferencias significativas entre las proporciones de respuesta a los tratamientos (p > 0,05). Se registró menor consumo con T1 (18 L) respecto a T2 (35,9 L), pero mayor disipación de calor corporal (T1 = 672,64 kJ d-1 , T2 = 620,76 kJ d-1 ).

Grazing animals are exposed to heat stress and there should be conditions to facilitate water intake. Three experiments were carried out to determine the relationship between water intake, water temperature, and heat stress for Holstein pastured dairy cows. Experiment 1: Drinking behavior of 13 cows was evaluated (for 3 consecutive days) and four time periods were established according to the temperature humidity index (TI-11): (H1:05:00 to 10:59 h, H2: 11:00 to 16:59 h, H3:17:00 to 22:59 h, and H4:23:00 to 04:59 h). The highest mean percentage of drinking bouts (53.2%) was registered in H2 (THI: 74.91 to 83.95). Drinking bout means among time periods were different (p < 0.05), thus showing that heat stress conditions influence drinking behavior. Experiment 2: Three water troughs were placed in the sun (S) and three under a 2.2 m high structure covered with shade cloth (MS). Water temperature was registered at 10:00, 13:30, and 17:00 h, twice a week for 6 weeks. Mean water temperatures at 17:00 h were 33.2 ± 1.6ºC (S) and 25.3 ± 1.9ºC (MS) and showed significant differences (p < 0.05), thus supporting the shade cloth effect. Experiment 3: Five cows were offered water simultaneously at 18 and 31 ºC (Tl and T2), for 10 min, twice a day for 5 d. There were no significant differences among treatments (p > 0.05). Recorded water intake in Tl (18 L) was lower than in T2 (35.9 L), although body heat dissipation was higher (Tl = 672.64 kJ d -1 , T2 = 620.76 kJ d -1 ). | Los animales en pastoreo están expuestos al estrés calórico, siendo fundamental proveer agua en condiciones que faciliten su consumo. Se desarrollaron tres experimentos para determinar las relaciones entre el consumo del agua de bebida con la temperatura del agua y el estrés calórico, en vacas lecheras en pastoreo. Experimento 1: Se evaluó el comportamiento de abrevado en 13 vacas (3 días consecutivos), estableciéndose cuatro franjas horarias según índice de temperatura y humedad (THI): (H1:05:00-10:59 h, H2:11:00-16:59 h, H3:17:00- 22:59 h y H4:23:00-04:59 h). En H2 (THI: 74,91-83,95) se registró el mayor porcentaje medio de accesos al bebedero (53,2%). Las medianas de los eventos “beber” por franjas horarias resultaron diferentes (p < 0,05), demostrándose que las condiciones de estrés calórico influyen sobre el comportamiento de bebida. Experimento 2: Tres bebederos con agua fueron colocados al sol (S) y tres bajo estructura de red 80% sombra (MS), a 2,2 m de altura, registrándose la temperatura del agua a las 10:00, 13:30 y 17:00 h, dos veces por semana (6 semanas). A las 17:00 h la temperatura media del agua, 33,2 ± 1,6 ºC (S) y 25,3 ± 1,9 ºC (MS) presentó diferencias significativas (p < 0,05), mostrando el efecto de MS. Experimento 3: Se ofreció agua a 18 y 31 ºC (T1 y T2) durante 10 min dos veces al día (5 d) a cinco vacas. No hubo diferencias significativas entre las proporciones de respuesta a los tratamientos (p > 0,05). Se registró menor consumo con T1 (18 L) respecto a T2 (35,9 L), pero mayor disipación de calor corporal (T1 = 672,64 kJ d-1 , T2 = 620,76 kJ d-1 ).

A avaliação do índice de qualidade da água (IQA) e do índice de estado trófico médio (IETm) pode subsidiar a formulação de planos de manejo e gestão de sistemas aquáticos. Neste trabalho, foi avaliada a qualidade da água da microbacia do Córrego Rico, que abastece a cidade de Jaboticabal (SP), utilizando o IQA e IETm. As amostragens de água foram realizadas entre setembro-2007 e agosto-2008, em três pontos: a) em uma das nascentes; b) após a Estação de Tratamento de Esgoto de Monte Alto, e c) na captação de água para abastecimento público de Jaboticabal. As amostras foram analisadas quanto aos parâmetros físicos, químicos e microbiológicos: temperatura, oxigênio dissolvido, pH, DBO5, nitrogênio total, fósforo total, turbidez, resíduo total, ortofosfato, clorofila-a e Escherichia coli. De acordo com os resultados obtidos, concluiu-se que: a) as atividades antrópicas às margens do Córrego Rico reduzem a qualidade de sua água, durante os diferentes períodos do ano; b) os valores médios de IQA nos três pontos analisados apresentaram relação direta com os valores médios de IETm, porém ocorreu maior discriminação da qualidade da água pelo IETm, identificando diferentes graus de trofia para os pontos e períodos de amostragens; c) o IQA apresentou melhor diferenciação da qualidade da água entre pontos no período seco e o IETm diferenciou melhor no período chuvoso; d) o processo de autodepuração e/ou a confluência do Córrego Tijuco com o Córrego Rico contribuem para melhor qualidade da água, tornando-a adequada ao abastecimento urbano após tratamento convencional.<br>The evaluation of water quality index (WQI) and mean trophic state index (mTSI) may be useful for management and administration projects of water systems. Quality of water from the stream Rico micro-basin that supplies the town of Jaboticabal - SP, Brazil, with fresh water has been evaluated, using WQI and mTSI. Collects were undertaken between September 2007 and August 2008, at three sites: a) one of the sources, b) after the Sewage Treatment Stations of Monte Alto city, and c) in the abstraction of water for public supply of Jaboticabal. It was analyzed the physical, chemical and microbiological variables of the water: temperature, pH, BOD5, total nitrogen, total phosphorous, turbidity, total residue, dissolved oxygen, orthophosphate and chlorophyll-a. According to the results, it was concluded: (a) the anthropic activities developed in the neighborhood of the Rico Stream reduces the quality of the water during different times of the year; (b) the average values of WQI in three points analyzed showed a direct relationship with the average values of mTSI, but there was more discrimination of water quality by mTSI, identifying different trophic degrees for points and periods of sampling; (c) the WQI showed better differentiation of water quality in dry period and the mTSI showed better differentiations in the rainy season; (d) the natural depuration and the confluence of the Tijuco Stream with the Rico Stream contribute to better water quality, making it suitable for urban supply after conventional treatment.

Monografia (especialização) - Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Centro de Ciências Rurais, Curso de Especialização em Educação Ambiental, RS, 2010. | This study aimed to analyze a sequence of interdisciplinary activities developed in the Water Week, the Colleges Alto Iguaçu - FAI, Laranjeiras do Sul, Paraná, with students of Environmental Technology Management. The methodology adopted was the presentation of a sequence of lecture linked to courses offered in the course and the students' report thereon. We conclude that the active participation of students and teachers in the process of construction, progress and conclusions about the event were key to the proposal to address the interdisciplinary element of water has been reached. The academics and teachers demonstrated their concerns about the conditions of water resources, stressing the importance of Water Week and more, proposed complementary activities to follow up the interdisciplinary activities. | Este trabalho teve como objetivo analisar uma seqüência de atividades interdisciplinares desenvolvidas na Semana da Água, da FAI Faculdades Alto Iguaçu, de Laranjeiras do Sul, Paraná, com os acadêmicos do curso de Tecnologia em Gestão Ambiental. A metodologia adotada foi a apresentação de uma seqüência de palestra vinculada às disciplinas ofertadas no curso bem como o relato dos alunos sobre as mesmas. Conclui-se que a participação ativa dos acadêmicos e professores no processo de construção, andamento e conclusões sobre o evento foram fundamentais para que a proposta de abordar o elemento água interdisciplinarmente tenha sido alcançada. Os acadêmicos e professores demonstraram a suas preocupações sobre as condições dos recursos hídricos, salientam a importância da Semana da Água e mais, propuseram atividades complementares para dar seqüência às atividades interdisciplinares.

En: Atlas del patrimonio natural, histórico y cultural de Veracruz ; Enrique Florescano, Juan Ortíz Escamilla, coordinadores. México : Gobierno del Estado de Veracruz : Comisión del Estado de Veracruz para la Conmemoración de la Independencia Nacional y la Revolución Mexicana : Universidad Veracruzana, 2010. v. 1, p. 147-159 . ISBN 9786079513160

Simulation results for water content dis­tribution obtained with HYDRUS, RZWQM and MOHIDLAND models were compared with field data. These models differ mainly in calculating root water uptake and computing crop water requirements. Simulations were carried out in different horizons of an Hortic An­throsol and an Eutric Fluviosol, located in the Alentejo region (Portugal). Soil water content was measured, with a TDR sys­tem at different depths. Soil hydraulic properties were determined in the labora­tory, and described in HYDRUS and MOHIDLAND with the Mualem-van Genuchten, and in RZWQM with the modified Brooks and Corey equations. Reference evapotranspiration was calcu­lated with the Penman-Monteith and the Shuttleworth-Wallace method using at­mospheric data from the meteorological stations located near the field plots. Parti­tion between transpiration and evapora­tion was calculated using the Leaf Area Index values, and the RZWQM crop module. Results show a good agreement between model simulations and field measurements for the three models.<br>Foram comparados os resultados da simu­lação do teor de água no solo obtidos com os modelos HYDRUS, RZWQM e MOHI­DLAND com valores medidos. Estes mode­los diferem principalmente nos cálculos da extracção de água pelas raízes e das neces­sidades de água das plantas. As simulações foram realizadas para diferentes profundi­dades de um Fluvissolo Êutrico e de um Antrosolo Hórtico localizados no Alentejo (Portugal). O teor de água foi medido com um sistema TDR. As propriedades hidráuli­cas, determinadas laboratorialmente, foram descritas com as equações de Mualem-van Genuchtene e Brooks and Corey modifica­das. A evapotranspiração de referência foi calculada com os métodos de Penman-Monteith e de Shuttleworht-Wallace com dados atmosféricos medidos. A partição entre a transpiração das plantas e a evapora­ção do solo foi calculada através do Índice de Área Foliar medido e através do modelo RZWQM. Os resultados mostram boa con­cordância entre as simulações dos três modelos e os valores de campo.