Investigating the interaction of groundwater and surface water is key to understanding the hyporheic processes. The vertical water fluxes through a streambed were determined using Darcian flux calculations and vertical sediment temperature profiles to assess the pattern and magnitude of groundwater/surface-water interaction in Beiluo River, China. Field measurements were taken in January 2015 at three different stream morphologies including a meander bend, an anabranching channel and a straight stream channel. Despite the differences of flux direction and magnitude, flux directions based on vertical temperature profiles are in good agreement with results from Darcian flux calculations at the anabranching channel, and the Kruskal-Wallis tests show no significant differences between the estimated upward fluxes based on the two methods at each site. Also, the upward fluxes based on the two methods show similar spatial distributions on the streambed, indicating (1) that higher water fluxes at the meander bend occur from the center of the channel towards the erosional bank, (2) that water fluxes at the anabranching channel are higher near the erosional bank and in the center of the channel, and (3) that in the straight channel, higher water fluxes appear from the center of the channel towards the depositional bank. It is noted that higher fluxes generally occur at certain locations with higher streambed vertical hydraulic conductivity (K ᵥ) or where a higher vertical hydraulic gradient is observed. Moreover, differences of grain size, induced by stream morphology and contrasting erosional and depositional conditions, have significant effects on streambed K ᵥ and water fluxes.

Amidst changing climates, understanding the world’s water resources is of increasing importance. In Ontario, Canada, low water conditions are currently assessed using only precipitation and watershed-based stream gauges by the Conservation Authorities in Ontario and the Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry. Regional groundwater-storage changes in Ontario are not currently measured using satellite data by research institutes. In this study, contributions from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) data are compared to a hydrogeological database covering southern Ontario from 2003 to 2013, to determine the suitability of GRACE total water storage estimates for monitoring groundwater storage in this location. Terrestrial water storage data from GRACE were used to determine monthly groundwater storage (GWS) anomaly values. GWS values were also determined by multiplying groundwater-level elevations (from the Provincial Groundwater Monitoring Network wells) by specific yield. Comparisons of GRACE-derived GWS to well-based GWS data determined that GRACE is sufficiently sensitive to obtain a meaningful signal in southern Ontario. Results show that GWS values produced by GRACE are useful for identifying regional changes in groundwater storage in areas with limited available hydrogeological characterization data. Results also indicate that GRACE may have an ability to forecast changes in groundwater storage, which will become useful when monitoring climate shifts in the near future.

Worldwide, coastal aquifers are threatened by seawater intrusion. The threat is greatest when aquifers are overexploited or when recharge is low due to a semi-arid or arid climate. The Kaluvelli-Pondicherry sedimentary basin in Tamil Nadu (India) presents both these characteristics. Groundwater levels in the Vanur aquifer can reach 50 m below sea level at less than 20 km inland. This groundwater depletion is due to an exponential increase in extraction for irrigation over 35 years. No seawater intrusion has yet been detected, but a sulphate-rich mineralization is observed, the result of upward vertical leakage from the underlying Ramanathapuram aquifer. To characterize the mechanisms involved, and to facilitate effective water management, hydrogeological numerical modelling of this multi-layered system has been conducted. Existing and acquired geological and hydrodynamic data have been applied to a quasi-3D hydrogeological model, NEWSAM. Recharge had been previously quantified through the inter-comparison of hydrological models, based on climatological and surface-flow field measurements. Sensitivity tests on parameters and boundary conditions associated with the sea were performed. The resulting water balances for each aquifer led to hypotheses of (1) an offshore fresh groundwater stock, and (2) a reversal and increase of the upward leakage from the Ramanathapuram aquifer, thus corroborating the hypothesis proposed to explain geochemical results of the previous study, and denying a seawater intrusion. Palaeo-climate review supports the existence of favourable hydro-climatological conditions to replenish an offshore groundwater stock of the Vanur aquifer in the past. The extent of this fresh groundwater stock was calculated using the Kooi and Groen method.

Relict rock glaciers are complex hydrogeological systems that might act as relevant groundwater storages; therefore, the discharge behavior of these alpine landforms needs to be better understood. Hydrogeological and geophysical investigations at a relict rock glacier in the Niedere Tauern Range (Austria) reveal a slow and fast flow component that appear to be related to the heterogeneous structure of the aquifer. A numerical groundwater flow model was used to indicate the influence of important internal structures such as layering, preferential flow paths and aquifer-base topography. Discharge dynamics can be reproduced reasonably by both introducing layers of strongly different hydraulic conductivities or by a network of highly conductive channels within a low-conductivity zone. Moreover, the topography of the aquifer base influences the discharge dynamics, which can be observed particularly in simply structured aquifers. Hydraulic conductivity differences of three orders of magnitude are required to account for the observed discharge behavior: a highly conductive layer and/or channel network controlling the fast and flashy spring responses to recharge events, as opposed to less conductive sediment accumulations sustaining the long-term base flow. The results show that the hydraulic behavior of this relict rock glacier and likely that of others can be adequately represented by two aquifer components. However, the attempt to characterize the two components by inverse modeling results in ambiguity of internal structures when solely discharge data are available.

La presente investigación trata sobre el control del Strategus aloeus L. a través de la aplicación de agua con detergente y malla al contorno de la planta, en la parcela de coco (Cocos nucífera), Nº 1 del Centro de Educación Técnica Ambiental y Agroforestal, de la comunidad de Pueblo Nuevo, municipio de Laguna de Perlas. Para este estudio se utilizaron tres procedimientos los cuales son: el primero el testigo, como segundo la malla al contorno de la planta y ultimo el agua con detergente. El procedimiento de toma de datos consistió en aplicar detergente 60 gramos de la marca Surf en un galón de agua de 3,78 litros, luego se aplica en las plantas afectadas, al aplicar en los orificios, después de la aplicación se espera de 2 a 20 minutos para que salga el Strategus aloeus L., para el control con malla se ubicó estas en la base de las plantas las mallas establecidas tuvieron un tamaño de 60 cm2 y posteriormente estableció de 2 a 5 cm de profundidad debajo de la tierra. Se realizaron observaciones 3 veces por semana, identificando y contabilizando el número de plantas afectadas y la cantidad de Strategus aloeus L., observados y capturados por plantas. Los datos de campo determinaron que existe un mejor control con la malla, ya que tuvo la menor cantidad de plantas afectadas así mismo se encontró que es más efectivo para controlar el Strategus aloeus L., ésta es de carácter preventivo lo que permite proteger a la planta antes de que sea afectado por esta plaga, además resulta más económico la aplicación de ésta para la protección de las cocoteros desde su establecimiento, pero no se descarta la posibilidad de utilizar el agua con detergente porque ésta obtuvo buenos resultados en controlar dichos especímenes cuando ya la planta estaba afectada. Palabras claves: Strategus aloeus L., control, malla, agua, plaga, detergente, efectividad

Durante la pasantía el estudiante participó en dos proyectos referentes al tema de tratamiento de agua residual industrial, el primero contemplaba la realización de un diseño de un lecho de secado, para los lodos generados de un sedimentador, en un proceso semi-industrial de prehidrófugo de ladrillos; en el cual se realizó también un diagnóstico completo al sistema de tratamiento de agua residual y una propuesta de optimización de dicho sistema. El segundo proyecto comenzó con la participación en la realización de un diagnostico al diseño de un desarenador, para un distrito de riego de agua, transportada por canales derivados para agricultura, lo que permitió posteriormente ser invitado a realizar un nuevo diseño del desarenador aplicando los conceptos de tratamiento de aguas aprendidos en la academia y la experiencia adquirida durante la práctica de la ingeniería. | During the internship the student participated in two projects related to the topic of industrial wastewater, the first involved the design of a drying bed, for the sludge generated from a settler, in a semi-industrial process of pre-wetting bricks; in which a complete diagnosis was also made to the wastewater treatment system and a proposal for the optimization of said system. The second project began with the participation in the realization of a diagnosis for the design of a sand trap, for a water irrigation district, transported by derived channels for agriculture, which took later was invited to a new design of the sand trap to apply the concepts of water treatment learned in the academy and the experience acquired during the practice of engineering. | Kastoro S.A.S.

For the correct distribution of vegetation in an area, it is essential to manage accurate information on the variables that condition information. Most likely, the parameter that determines further the type of vegetation that can grow in one place is the amount of water available to plants. In this sense, and leaving aside the formations linked to watercourses, lakes, etc., the main source of this resource is the rain. Thus, the study of the distribution of vegetation in any territory is closely related to the analysis of rainfall it receives. To know the amount of rainwater that receives a zone always uses data provided by meteorological stations located in the same. The data collected by these stations are applied to a hypothetical, uniform and flat surface. This information is accurate enough when the scale at which it works is small (1: 100,000, 1: 50,000), but when it requires greater detail, especially in arid areas where the vegetation structure is open and the soil directly receives much of the rainfall, soil conditions exist that determine the distribution of rainwater and therefore access to this resource plants.Two of these variables, perhaps the most important are the inclination and the presence of rocky outcrops or stoniness on the floor. In short, our job is to propose different mathematical models that allow to know the actual amount of water available to plants, we call A. This value is obtained from rainfall data (P), relating to the sloping terrain and the percentage of it occupied by rocks (af). The relationship  between precipitation and tilt gives us a value we call the real precipitation (P'), which is lower the greater the inclination, since the amount of rainfall should be distributed over a larger area. The amount of rocky outcrop increases runoff, accumulating water in the earthy areas between the rocks, so a higher percentage of stoniness in soil involves an accumulation of water in the surrounding soil. Thus a model that allows both better explain the distribution of vegetation in arid areas and on large scales (: 25.000 or higher 1) is provided.To test the model and test its usefulness, it has made a study of it in different localities in arid areas of the island of Gran Canaria, one of the Canary Islands. On this island 14 towns located in arid environments, with precipitation always less than 200 mm/m2 were chosen. Among these locations, with similar climatic conditions, there is a very important plant diversity. Most are occupied by a crasicaule very open scrub dominated by Euphorbia balsamífera, called tabaibal de tabaiba dulce, typical of the most barren areas of the Canary Islands, and considered the potential of its arid and hyper-arid vegetation areas. But other situations are occupied by a lush vegetation: the cardonal, almost totally enclosed high scrub, dominated by Euphorbia canariensis, the cardón; and even formations characterized by the presence of a undertree thicket where different woody species such as Olea cerasiformis, wild olive, Juniperus turbinata subsp. canariensis, the sabina, and even the Canary Island pine, Pinus canariensis. These same plant formations appear as potential in areas with higher rainfall, so its presence in these arid areas should be related to some variable affecting the distribution of water resources.For each of these locations was made calculating the amount of water available to plants, obtaining results that meet the alleged contradiction to find different types of vegetation, with different water requirements in the same climatic zone. Thus it is improving the proposed model provides when it comes to study how vegetation is distributed in arid and territories detail scale is checked. It is clear that as we decrease the scale of the study of the distribution of vegetation in any territory, it is essential to increase the parameters analyzed, especially if it comes to analyzing the situation of vegetation in arid, where the structure of vegetation and seasonality of rainfall make the characteristics of the substrate affect significantly to the presence of vegetation way. Given the scarcity of water resources in these ecosystems, any aspect influencing the availability of water for plants will be of great importance for understanding distribution. | Para conocer la correcta distribución de la vegetación en un territorio, es fundamental manejar información precisa sobre las variables que la condicionan. Muy probablemente, el parámetro que condiciona en mayor medida el tipo de vegetación que puede crecer en un lugar es la cantidad de agua de que disponen las plantas. En este sentido, y dejando a un lado las formaciones ligadas a cursos de agua, lagos, etc., el principal origen de este recurso es la lluvia. De esta manera, el estudio de la distribución de la vegetación en cualquier territorio está muy relacionado con el análisis de las precipitaciones que recibe. Para conocer la cantidad de agua de lluvia que recibe una zona se recurre siempre a los datos aportados por las estaciones meteorológicas situadas en la misma. Los datos recogidos por estas estaciones se aplican a una superficie hipotética, homogénea y plana. Esta información es suficientemente precisa cuando la escala a la que se trabaja es pequeña (1:100.000; 1:50.000), pero cuando se precisa de un mayor detalle, sobre todo en territorios áridos, donde la estructura de la vegetación es abierta y el suelo recibe directamente gran parte de la precipitación, existen condiciones del terreno que condicionan el reparto del agua de lluvia y por tanto el acceso de las plantas a este recurso. Dos de estas variables, quizá las más importantes son la inclinación y la presencia de afloramientos rocosos o de pedregosidad en el suelo.En definitiva, nuestro trabajo consiste en proponer diferentes modelos matemáticos que posibiliten conocer la cantidad real de agua de que disponen las plantas, que denominamos A. Este valor se obtiene a partir de los datos pluviométricos (P), relacionándolos con la inclinación del terreno y el porcentaje del mismo ocupado por rocas (af). La relación entre la precipitación y la inclinación nos proporciona un valor que denominamos precipitación real (P´), que es menor cuanto mayor es la inclinación, ya que la cantidad de agua caída debe repartirse en una superficie mayor. La cantidad de afloramiento rocoso aumenta la escorrentía, acumulando agua en las zonas terrosas situadas entre las rocas, por lo que un mayor porcentaje de pedregosidad en el suelo conlleva una acumulación de agua en el suelo que lo rodea. De esta manera se proporciona un modelo que permite tanto explicar mejor la distribución de la vegetación en zonas áridas y a escalas grandes (1:25.000 o mayores).Para contrastar el modelo y comprobar su utilidad, se ha realizado un estudio del mismo en diferentes localidades situadas en territorios áridos de la isla de Gran Canaria, una de las Islas Canarias. En esta isla se escogieron 14 localidades situadas en ambientes áridos, con precipitaciones siempre inferiores a 200 mm/m2. Entre estas localidades, de condiciones climáticas similares, existe una diversidad vegetal muy importante. La mayor parte están ocupadas por un matorral crasicaule muy abierto dominado por Euphorbia balsamifera, denominado tabaibal de tabaiba dulce, propio de las zonas más desérticas del Archipiélago Canario, y considerado la vegetación potencial de sus zonas áridas e hiperáridas. Pero otras situaciones están ocupadas por una vegetación más exuberante: el cardonal, matorral alto casi totalmente cerrado, dominado por Euphorbia canariensis, el cardón; e incluso por formaciones caracterizadas por la presencia de un matorral subarbóreo donde están presentes diferentes especies leñosas como Olea cerasiformis, el acebuche, Juniperus turbinata subsp. canariensis, la sabina, e incluso el pino canario, Pinus canariensis. Estas mismas formaciones vegetales aparecen como potenciales en lugares con mayor precipitación, por lo que su presencia en estas zonas áridas debe estar relacionado con alguna variable que afecte a la distribución del recurso hídrico.Para cada una de estas localidades se ha realizado el cálculo de la cantidad de agua disponible para las plantas, obteniéndose unos resultados que resuelven la presunta contradicción de encontrar diferentes tipos de vegetación, con requerimientos hídricos diferentes, en una misma zona climática. De esta manera se comprueba la mejora que el modelo propuesto ofrece cuando se trata de estudiar cómo se reparte la vegetación en territorios áridos y a escala de detalle. Queda claro que, a medida que disminuimos la escala del estudio de la distribución de la vegetación en cualquier territorio, es imprescindible aumentar los parámetros analizados, más aún si se trata de analizar la situación de las formaciones vegetales de zonas áridas, donde la estructura de la vegetación y la temporalidad de las precipitaciones hacen que las características del sustrato afecten de manera importante a la presencia de la vegetación. Dada la escasez del recurso hídrico en estos ecosistemas, cualquier aspecto que influya en la disponibilidad del recurso para las plantas será de gran importancia para comprender su distribución.

Two case studies were carried out in central Norway in order to assess the performance of bank filtration systems in cold-climate fluvial aquifers relying on recharge from humic-rich surface waters with moderate microbial contamination. Three municipal wells and two surface-water sources at operative bank filtration systems were monitored for naturally occurring bacteriophages, fecal indicators, natural organic matter (NOM) and physico-chemical water quality parameters during a 4-month period. Aquifer passage effectively reduced the microorganism and NOM concentrations at both study sites. Bacteriophages were detected in 13 of 16 (81%) surface-water samples and in 4 of 24 (17%) well-water samples, and underwent 3 ± 0.3 log₁₀ reduction after 50–80-m filtration and 20–30 days of subsurface passage. NOM reductions (color: 74–97%; dissolved organic carbon: 54–80%; very hydrophobic acids: 70%) were similar to those achieved by conventional water-treatment processes and no further treatment was needed. Both groundwater dilution and sediment filtration contributed to the hygienic water quality improvements, but sediment filtration appeared to be the most important process with regard to microbial and NOM reductions. A strengths-weaknesses-opportunities-threats analysis showed that bank filtration technology has a high potential as a pretreatment method for the provision of hygienically safe drinking water in Norway.

Flowing fluid electrical conductivity (FFEC) logging is a hydrogeologic testing method that is usually conducted in an existing borehole. However, for the 2,500-m deep COSC-1 borehole, drilled at Åre, central Sweden, it was done within the drilling period during a scheduled 1-day break, thus having a negligible impact on the drilling schedule, yet providing important information on depths of hydraulically conductive zones and their transmissivities and salinities. This paper presents a reanalysis of this set of data together with a new FFEC logging data set obtained soon after drilling was completed, also over a period of 1 day, but with a different pumping rate and water-level drawdown. Their joint analysis not only results in better estimates of transmissivity and salinity in the conducting fractures intercepted by the borehole, but also yields the hydraulic head values of these fractures, an important piece of information for the understanding of hydraulic structure of the subsurface. Two additional FFEC logging tests were done about 1 year later, and are used to confirm and refine this analysis. Results show that from 250 to 2,000 m depths, there are seven distinct hydraulically conductive zones with different hydraulic heads and low transmissivity values. For the final test, conducted with a much smaller water-level drawdown, inflow ceased from some of the conductive zones, confirming that their hydraulic heads are below the hydraulic head measured in the wellbore under non-pumped conditions. The challenges accompanying 1-day FFEC logging are summarized, along with lessons learned in addressing them.