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[Nitrates and water] | Nitratos y agua
2004
Martínez, J.J.
[Around water] | En torno al agua
2009
Amarillo, F.
[Water and sustainability] | Agua y sostenibilidad Полный текст
2008
Jiménez Herrero, L., Universidad Complutense de Madrid (España). Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Empresariales
[Water and desertification] | Agua y desertificación Полный текст
2008
Rubio, J.L., Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Valencia (España). Centro de Investigaciones sobre Desertificación
Metagenômica de água de reúso, esgoto e água potável | Metagenomics of reuse water, sewage and drinking water Полный текст
2019
Moura, Priscila Gonçalves | Martins, Adriana Sotero | Jardim, Rodrigo
O tema desse estudo é a qualidade e a utilização segura da água de reúso, tendo em vista que a água é um recurso natural limitado e sujeito a contaminação ambiental. Tecnologias alternativas visando o tratamento e refinamento do esgoto vem sendo desenvolvidas para ambas propostas para uso de fins potáveis e não potáveis. Porém, esta estratégia é questionável, pois micropoluentes de difícil detecção por metodologias tradicionais persistem na água de reúso, o que oferece risco à saúde pública. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a água de reúso, esgotos e água potável por meio de análise metagenômica do material genético. Foram realizadas análises por metagenômica do DNA total da microbiota presente em amostras de águas de reúso submetidas a diferentes tratamentos (cloro, membrana filtrante e filtro biológico), de esgoto tratado e água potável. As amostras também foram submetidas a análises colimétricas, físico-químicas e ensaios de PCR para a buscar de marcadores moleculares de poluição. Concluímos que as tecnologias utilizadas no Brasil não estão sendo capazes de retirar poluentes a nível de coliformes uma vez que contaminantes foram detectados em todas as amostras de água de reúso. Proteobactérias e Bacteriófagos foram os microrganismos mais abundantes nas matrizes ambientais estudadas. Recomendamos que a água de reúso tratada com cloro pode ser destinada para atividade de contato direto a humanos mas não indicado para atividades agrícolas ou paisagísticas, por causa da presença de fitopatôgenos. Águas de reúso submetidas a tratamentos por membranas filtrantes e filtro biológico não são indicados em atividades de contato direto, sendo recomendado para fins agrícola em irrigação por gotejamento. A biodiversidade das espécimes encontradas reforçam a necessidade das pesquisas envolvendo água de reúso, de modo a garantir a segurança sanitária para uso em diferentes fins. É urgente adequar a legislação nacional para que a água de reúso atenda a parâmetros de qualidade existentes em outros países, e que assegure o padrão sanitário de importância para a saúde pública. | The Theme of this study is the quality and safe use of reused water, considering that water is a limited natural resource and subject to environmental contamination. Alternative technologies for sewage treatment and refinement have been developed for both potable and non-potable purposes. However, this strategy is questionable because micro pollutants that are difficult to detect by traditional methodologies persist in reused water, which poses a risk to public health. The objective of this work was to evaluate reuse water, sewage and drinking water through metagenomic analysis of the genetic material. Metagenomics analyzes were performed on the total DNA of the microbiota present in wastewater samples submitted to different treatments (chlorine, filter membrane and biological filter), treated sewage and drinking water. The samples were also subjected to collimetric analysis, physicochemical and PCR assays to search for molecular markers of pollution. We conclude that the technologies used in Brazil are not capable of removing pollutants at the coliform level, since contaminants were detected in all reused water samples. Proteobacteria and Bacteriophages were the most abundant microorganisms in the environmental matrices studied. We recommend that chlorine-treated wastewater may be intended for direct contact with humans but not suitable for agricultural or landscape activities because of the presence of phytopathogens. Reuse waters submitted to membrane and biological filter treatmens are not indicated for direct contact activities, being recommended for agricultural purposes in drip irrigation.
Показать больше [+] Меньше [-]Genero en el sector agua y saneamiento de la region andina : hallazgos, recomendaciones y propuesta estrategica Полный текст
Rutherford, Thomas F. | Tarr, David G. | Jensen, Jesper
This diagnosis has shown that there is great experience in incorporating and empowering women in water projects and sanitation, but the industry has not yet assimilated gender policies and clear strategies to guide its incorporation and mainstreaming institutions at different levels (political, design and execution), as well as the different phases of the project cycle. The aim of this paper is to recognize the findings and recommendations of gender diagnosis and propose guidelines for a strategy on projects for water and sanitation in the Andean region. The findings and recommendations are presented in four levels: a) political macro sectoral b) planning and formulation of projects c) institutional capacity on gender issues, and d) the results achieved, so far, in community users of water systems and sanitation. The document contains three parts: Part 1: The general context: Bolivia and Peru, identifies the context and the Andean population involved, by presenting features on gender relations in the Andean and Amazon areas and access to quality water services and sanitation in the region. Part 2: State of the incorporation of gender in the water and sanitation sector. Finally, part 3: The value added working with gender, and how the proposed 3 guidelines make for a strategy that propels gender equity in water and sanitation projects.
Показать больше [+] Меньше [-]Microbiological examination methods of food and water | Manual de metódos de análise microbiológica de alimentos e água. English
2018
Silva, Neusely da
Microbiological Examination Methods of Food and Water (2nd edition) is an illustrated laboratory manual that provides an overview of current standard microbiological culture methods for the examination of food and water, adhered to by renowned international organizations, such as ISO, AOAC, APHA, FDA and FSIS/USDA. It includes methods for the enumeration of indicator microorganisms of general contamination, indicators of hygiene and sanitary conditions, sporeforming, spoilage fungi and pathogenic bacteria. Every chapter begins with a comprehensive, in-depth and updated bibliographic reference on the microorganism(s) dealt with in that particular section of the book. The latest facts on the taxonomic position of each group, genus or species are given, as well as clear guidelines on how to deal with changes in nomenclature on the internet. All chapters provide schematic comparisons between the methods presented, highlighting the main differences and similarities. This allows the user to choose the method that best meets his/her needs. Moreover, each chapter lists validated alternative quick methods, which, though not described in the book, may and can be used for the analysis of the microorganism(s) dealt with in that particular chapter. The didactic setup and the visualization of procedures in step-by-step schemes allow the user to quickly perceive and execute the procedure intended. Support material such as drawings, procedure schemes and laboratory sheets are available for downloading and customization. This compendium will serve as an up-to-date practical companion for laboratory professionals, technicians and research scientists, instructors, teachers and food and water analysts. Alimentary engineering, chemistry, biotechnology and biology (under)graduate students specializing in food sciences will also find the book beneficial. It is furthermore suited for use as a practical/laboratory manual for graduate courses in Food Engineering and Food Microbiology.
Показать больше [+] Меньше [-]A água na agricultura | Water in agriculture
1976
Daker, Alberto
Sistemas urbanos de água | Urban water systems
1975
Dacach, Nelson Gandur
La inclusion del enfoque de equidad de genero en el sector de agua y saneamiento en Honduras Полный текст
Alvarez,Juan Carlos
The study on the inclusion of equity approach Gender in Water and Sanitation Sector in Honduras has as the main objective to develop information on the situation of gender relations within of water and sanitation sector in Honduras, comprising the national level, the institutional level and the community level. The diagnosis analyzes results of multi-level findings, identifying elements for a proposal for strategic sector policies, and highlights which of these should be included in a methodology for incorporating a gender perspective in the sector projects. The document is arranged into eight sections: The first contains the general conceptual framework of sectors and gender. The second, introduced the objectives of the diagnosis, the sectoral levels involved (national, institutional and community) and working methodology. The third, described the findings on the inclusion of gender equity approach in national policies. The fourth, evaluates the institutional capacity to include gender equity approach to both the inside and outside organizations. The fifth, presents the results of the evaluation at the community level. The sixth identifies the elements to develop a gender strategy and makes guidelines for policies. The seventh, contains the findings by each level of the sector: national, institutional and Community. The final section presents eight recommendations and the elements for an action plan in the water and sanitation industry.
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