This study aimed to evaluate the growth, production, and nutrition of naturally colored cotton (cultivar BRS Verde) irrigated with saline water in different growth stages. The trial was conducted with a randomized block design in which the treatments consisted of three irrigation water salinity levels applied throughout the crop cycle or alternately in three growth stages. The lowest-salinity water was drawn from the Arenito Açu aquifer in the state of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil; the highest-salinity water was prepared to obtain salinity similar to the water drawn from the Calcário Jandaíra aquifer, and an intermediate salinity was obtained from the mixture of equal volumes of the lowest and highest-salinity waters. The application of the lowest-salinity water is recommended in all growth stages due to the increases of about 19% in cotton growth and 40% in yield compared to the application of intermediate or highest-salinity water. The application of the lowest-salinity water in the vegetative stage and the intermediate-salinity water in the following stages is an alternative to using good quality water throughout the cycle, despite the decreases of about 7% in growth and 16% in yield. The nutrition of cotton plants irrigated with saline water throughout the cycle or in some growth stages was marked by an increase of up to 86% in the cotton leaf sodium content, a decrease in the leaf potassium content of up to 21% and increases between 24% and 188% in leaf micronutrient content when the highest-salinity water replaced that with the lowest salinity. | Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar el crecimiento, producción y nutrición de algodón de color natural (cultivar BRS Verde) regado con agua salina en diferentes etapas de crecimiento. El ensayo se realizó en un diseño de bloques al azar en el que los tratamientos consistieron en tres niveles de salinidad del agua de riego aplicados a lo largo del ciclo del cultivo o alternativamente en tres etapas de crecimiento. El agua de menor salinidad se extrajo del acuífero Arenito Açu en el estado de Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil; el agua de mayor salinidad se preparó para obtener una salinidad similar a la del agua extraída del acuífero Calcário Jandaíra, y la salinidad intermedia se obtuvo de la mezcla de volúmenes iguales de las aguas de menor y mayor salinidad. Se recomienda la aplicación de agua de menor salinidad en todas las etapas de crecimiento debido a los incrementos de aproximadamente 19% en el crecimiento del algodón y 40% en el rendimiento comparado con la aplicación de agua de intermedia o mayor salinidad. La aplicación de agua de menor salinidad en la etapa vegetativa y de agua de salinidad intermedia en las siguientes etapas es una alternativa al uso de agua de buena calidad durante todo el ciclo, a pesar de las disminuciones de alrededor de 7% en el crecimiento y 16% en el rendimiento. La nutrición de las plantas de algodón regadas con agua salina durante todo el ciclo o en algunas etapas de crecimiento estuvo marcada por un aumento de hasta un 86% en el contenido de sodio de la hoja de algodón, una disminución del contenido de potasio de la hoja de hasta un 21% y aumentos entre un 24 y 188% en el contenido de micronutrientes de las hojas cuando el agua de mayor salinidad reemplazó a la de menor salinidad.

This study aimed to evaluate the growth, production, and nutrition of naturally colored cotton (cultivar BRS Verde) irrigated with saline water in different growth stages. The trial was conducted with a randomized block design in which the treatments consisted of three irrigation water salinity levels applied throughout the crop cycle or alternately in three growth stages. The lowest-salinity water was drawn from the Arenito Açu aquifer in the state of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil; the highest-salinity water was prepared to obtain salinity similar to the water drawn from the Calcário Jandaíra aquifer, and an intermediate salinity was obtained from the mixture of equal volumes of the lowest and highest-salinity waters. The application of the lowest-salinity water is recommended in all growth stages due to the increases of about 19% in cotton growth and 40% in yield compared to the application of intermediate or highest-salinity water. The application of the lowest-salinity water in the vegetative stage and the intermediate-salinity water in the following stages is an alternative to using good quality water throughout the cycle, despite the decreases of about 7% in growth and 16% in yield. The nutrition of cotton plants irrigated with saline water throughout the cycle or in some growth stages was marked by an increase of up to 86% in the cotton leaf sodium content, a decrease in the leaf potassium content of up to 21% and increases between 24% and 188% in leaf micronutrient content when the highest-salinity water replaced that with the lowest salinity.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to evaluate the growth, production, and nutrition of naturally colored cotton (cultivar BRS Verde) irrigated with saline water in different growth stages. The trial was conducted with a randomized block design in which the treatments consisted of three irrigation water salinity levels applied throughout the crop cycle or alternately in three growth stages. The lowest-salinity water was drawn from the Arenito Açu aquifer in the state of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil; the highest-salinity water was prepared to obtain salinity similar to the water drawn from the Calcário Jandaíra aquifer, and an intermediate salinity was obtained from the mixture of equal volumes of the lowest and highest-salinity waters. The application of the lowest-salinity water is recommended in all growth stages due to the increases of about 19% in cotton growth and 40% in yield compared to the application of intermediate or highest-salinity water. The application of the lowest-salinity water in the vegetative stage and the intermediate-salinity water in the following stages is an alternative to using good quality water throughout the cycle, despite the decreases of about 7% in growth and 16% in yield. The nutrition of cotton plants irrigated with saline water throughout the cycle or in some growth stages was marked by an increase of up to 86% in the cotton leaf sodium content, a decrease in the leaf potassium content of up to 21% and increases between 24% and 188% in leaf micronutrient content when the highest-salinity water replaced that with the lowest salinity. | RESUMEN Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar el crecimiento, producción y nutrición de algodón de color natural (cultivar BRS Verde) regado con agua salina en diferentes etapas de crecimiento. El ensayo se realizó en un diseño de bloques al azar en el que los tratamientos consistieron en tres niveles de salinidad del agua de riego aplicados a lo largo del ciclo del cultivo o alternativamente en tres etapas de crecimiento. El agua de menor salinidad se extrajo del acuífero Arenito Açu en el estado de Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil; el agua de mayor salinidad se preparó para obtener una salinidad similar a la del agua extraída del acuífero Calcário Jandaíra, y la salinidad intermedia se obtuvo de la mezcla de volúmenes iguales de las aguas de menor y mayor salinidad. Se recomienda la aplicación de agua de menor salinidad en todas las etapas de crecimiento debido a los incrementos de aproximadamente 19% en el crecimiento del algodón y 40% en el rendimiento comparado con la aplicación de agua de intermedia o mayor salinidad. La aplicación de agua de menor salinidad en la etapa vegetativa y de agua de salinidad intermedia en las siguientes etapas es una alternativa al uso de agua de buena calidad durante todo el ciclo, a pesar de las disminuciones de alrededor de 7% en el crecimiento y 16% en el rendimiento. La nutrición de las plantas de algodón regadas con agua salina durante todo el ciclo o en algunas etapas de crecimiento estuvo marcada por un aumento de hasta un 86% en el contenido de sodio de la hoja de algodón, una disminución del contenido de potasio de la hoja de hasta un 21% y aumentos entre un 24 y 188% en el contenido de micronutrientes de las hojas cuando el agua de mayor salinidad reemplazó a la de menor salinidad.

As condições climáticas do semiárido do Nordeste, caracterizadas pela irregularidade das chuvas, conferem à irrigação uma importância fundamental como instrumento que permite a viabilização de uma agricultura produtiva e estável. O presente estudo objetivou-se avaliar o desenvolvimento de mudas de gravioleira a partir do aproveitamento de água de ar condicionado e efluente agroindustrial. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida no setor de produção de mudas do Instituto Federal da Paraíba, Campus Sousa, Unidade São Gonçalo. Utilizou-se o delineamento de blocos inteiramente casualizados, com cinco tratamentos e quatro repetições. Os tratamentos resultaram das seguintes combinações: T1 = 100% Poço Artesiano, T2 =100% Ar Condicionado, T3 = Combinação 50% Ar Condicionado + 50% Poço Artesiano, T4 = Combinação 50% Efluente Agroindustrial + 50% Ar Condicionado e T5 = 100% Efluente Agroindustrial. As mudas de gravioleira foram produzidas em sacos de poliestireno, utilizando Neossolo Flúvico e esterco bovino na proporção (2:1) como substrato. Foram avaliadas as seguintes variáveis: altura de planta, diâmetro de caule, número de folhas, massa verde e seca da parte aérea e raiz e influência nos atributos do solo (pH, P, K, Na, Ca, Mg, MO, PST). Verificou-se que a utilização de água de ar condicionado é uma alternativa viável como fonte de irrigação para as mudas de gravioleira, enquanto que o efluente agroindustrial não se mostrou adequada para este fim visto que influenciou negativamente na maioria das variáveis analisadas. | The climatic conditions of the semiarid region of the northeast, characterized by the deficiency of rainfall, give irrigation a fundamental importance as one of the instruments to enable the viability of more agriculture Productive and with lower risk. Given the panorama of water scarcity, this paper aims to propose the development of soursop seedlings from the utilization of air conditioning and agroindustrial effluent. The research was developed in the seedling production sector located at the Federal Institute of Paraíba, Campus Sousa. A completely randomized block design was used, with five treatments and four replications. The treatments resulted from the following combinations: T1 = 100% Artesian Well, T2 = 100% air conditioning, T3 = combination 50% air conditioning + 50% Artesian Well, T4 = combination 50% agroindustrial effluent + 50% air conditioning and T5 = 100% agroindustrial effluent. Soursop seedlings were produced in plastic bags using Neossol Fluvic and manure in proportion (2:1) as substrate. The following variables were evaluated: plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves, green and dry mass of aerial part and root and influence on soil attributes (PH, P, K, Na, Ca, Mg, MO, PST). After the study, it was verified that the use of air-conditioning water is a good alternative as a source of irrigation for the seedlings of Gravioleira, while the water of agroindustrial effluent was not adequate for this purpose, since it influenced Negatively in most of the variables analyzed.

As condições climáticas do semiárido do Nordeste, caracterizadas pela irregularidade das chuvas, conferem à irrigação uma importância fundamental como instrumento que permite a viabilização de uma agricultura produtiva e estável. O presente estudo objetivou-se avaliar o desenvolvimento de mudas de gravioleira a partir do aproveitamento de água de ar condicionado e efluente agroindustrial. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida no setor de produção de mudas do Instituto Federal da Paraíba, Campus Sousa, Unidade São Gonçalo. Utilizou-se o delineamento de blocos inteiramente casualizados, com cinco tratamentos e quatro repetições. Os tratamentos resultaram das seguintes combinações: T1 = 100% Poço Artesiano, T2 =100% Ar Condicionado, T3 = Combinação 50% Ar Condicionado + 50% Poço Artesiano, T4 = Combinação 50% Efluente Agroindustrial + 50% Ar Condicionado e T5 = 100% Efluente Agroindustrial. As mudas de gravioleira foram produzidas em sacos de poliestireno, utilizando Neossolo Flúvico e esterco bovino na proporção (2:1) como substrato. Foram avaliadas as seguintes variáveis: altura de planta, diâmetro de caule, número de folhas, massa verde e seca da parte aérea e raiz e influência nos atributos do solo (pH, P, K, Na, Ca, Mg, MO, PST). Verificou-se que a utilização de água de ar condicionado é uma alternativa viável como fonte de irrigação para as mudas de gravioleira, enquanto que o efluente agroindustrial não se mostrou adequada para este fim visto que influenciou negativamente na maioria das variáveis analisadas.

Affordability of services is a determinant for people’s level of access to water. In this study, we analyse the effect of a programme aimed at improving the affordability of water services on users’ water consumption. The programme was implemented in 2012 by the local government of the city of Bogotá, Colombia, intending to provide an essential “lifeline” volume of water to poor households free of charge. Our assessment was carried out with secondary data and used difference-in-difference estimators in a panel data analysis of a two-period sample: 2011 and 2014. The unit of analysis was defined based on the city’s administrative divisions and the socio-economic stratification of residences. Over the period analysed, beneficiaries’ household consumption increased, reaching per capita consumption levels closer to those of the upper strata of users. Results suggest that the programme contributes to increased consumption and equity among users.

Affordability of services is a determinant for people’s level of access to water. In this study, we analyse the effect of a programme aimed at improving the affordability of water services on users’ water consumption. The programme was implemented in 2012 by the local government of the city of Bogotá, Colombia, intending to provide an essential “lifeline” volume of water to poor households free of charge. Our assessment was carried out with secondary data and used difference-in-difference estimators in a panel data analysis of a two-period sample: 2011 and 2014. The unit of analysis was defined based on the city’s administrative divisions and the socio-economic stratification of residences. Over the period analysed, beneficiaries’ household consumption increased, reaching per capita consumption levels closer to those of the upper strata of users. Results suggest that the programme contributes to increased consumption and equity among users.

Affordability of services is a determinant for people’s level of access to water. In this study, we analyse the effect of a programme aimed at improving the affordability of water services on users’ water consumption. The programme was implemented in 2012 by the local government of the city of Bogotá, Colombia, intending to provide an essential “lifeline” volume of water to poor households free of charge. Our assessment was carried out with secondary data and used difference-in-difference estimators in a panel data analysis of a two-period sample: 2011 and 2014. The unit of analysis was defined based on the city’s administrative divisions and the socio-economic stratification of residences. Over the period analysed, beneficiaries’ household consumption increased, reaching per capita consumption levels closer to those of the upper strata of users. Results suggest that the programme contributes to increased consumption and equity among users.

he objective was to characterize the water quality in a section of the Grijalva River and in some of its tributaries on the border between the States of Chiapas and Tabasco, in the rainy and dry seasons. Twenty-three physical, chemical and microbiological parameters as well as contaminants were determined. The values obtained were compared with the maximum permissible limits (MPLs) for water use and human consumption set out in O cial Mexican standard NOM-127-SSA1-1994, and with the water quality classi cation scale of the Comisión Nacional del Agua (CONAGUA). The water quality in the studied section of the Grijalva River decreases as it descends to more populated areas of the State of Tabasco. Water turbidity and E. coli coliform levels increase, both in the river channels and in sources destined for human consumption. For the other variables evaluated, there are acceptable water quality characteristics, mainly in the dry season, except for mercury, which occurs at levels higher than those recommended. Further studies on the presence of mercury in the Grijalva River basin are recommended.

he objective was to characterize the water quality in a section of the Grijalva River and in some of its tributaries on the border between the States of Chiapas and Tabasco, in the rainy and dry seasons. Twenty-three physical, chemical and microbiological parameters as well as contaminants were determined. The values obtained were compared with the maximum permissible limits (MPLs) for water use and human consumption set out in O cial Mexican standard NOM-127-SSA1-1994, and with the water quality classi cation scale of the Comisión Nacional del Agua (CONAGUA). The water quality in the studied section of the Grijalva River decreases as it descends to more populated areas of the State of Tabasco. Water turbidity and E. coli coliform levels increase, both in the river channels and in sources destined for human consumption. For the other variables evaluated, there are acceptable water quality characteristics, mainly in the dry season, except for mercury, which occurs at levels higher than those recommended. Further studies on the presence of mercury in the Grijalva River basin are recommended.