The process of water erosion soil involves the detachment of particles soil by raindrop impact, the transport and consequently your deposition, by overland flow of water on the soil. This drainage happens in the flow form to laminate shallow what characterizes the interrill erosion. The work evaluated the efficiency in the different ways of soil cover provided by the sugarcane in the control of the losses of water and of the rates of detachment of the soil. The appraised treatments were: bary soil, residue under surface; dossal of the sugarcane and the added effect of the residue + dossal. The regime of found drainage, to laminate slow, it characterizes the interril erosion. The vegetable covering promoted by the culture of the sugarcane it promoted reduction in the rates of detachment of the soil. The residue in direct contact with soil and with the drainage it was responsible for the increment of the rugosidade, however, it provided low infiltration rates with consequent increase of the rates of loss of water, for constituting in a vegetable layer that hindered the infiltration. The dossal of the cane of suugarcane promoted a larger interception of the rain, delaying the beginning of the drainage, checking the largest infiltration rates obtained.

This experiment aimed to objective evaluate the appearance of the fruits and taste of waterde-coconut during the storage. Were harvested fruit cultivar Green Dwarf with six months of age, from the municipality of Rio do Fogo-RN then were transported to the laboratory Agriculture of UFERSA, which were previously assessed on the appearance of the fruits and taste of water. Part of the fruit has been coated with paraffin, and the other part remained untreated. Then, the fruits were stored in cold with temperature of 12±1ºC e 90±2% UR. Where they remained for 28; 35; 42; 49; 56 e 63 days. In each period the fruits were evaluated on their appearance and taste of the water using a hedonic scale of nine points, ranging from extremely liked and disliked. The experimental design was completely randomized, factorial arrangement 2x6, two types of coating fruits (fruits with and without paraffin), six times the storage of fruits (28, 35, 42, 49, 56 e 63 dias) with three replicates of 05 fruits, was used to test Friedman average of a 5% probability. The coating with paraffin kept good appearance of the fruits for a longer period of time in relation to fruit without paraffin. The taste of the water, practically, did not differ with the coating fruits.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver uma bebida mista a base de água de coco (Cocos nucifera L.) e polpas de abacaxi (Ananas comosus) e acerola (Malpighia emarginata D. C.) na forma de “pronto para beber”, combinando a aceitação sensorial e os componentes nutricionais e funcionais dos frutos. Foram avaliadas 10 formulações de bebidas mistas quanto às determinações físico-químicas, componentes funcionais e atributos sensoriais. Como não houve diferença significativa na aceitação entre as formulações, o produto composto de 65% de água de coco, 15% de polpa de abacaxi e 20% de polpa de acerola foi selecionado baseado na melhor combinação de componentes nutricionais e funcionais. Esta formulação apresentou características requeridas para um novo produto comercial. | The purpose of the present work was to develop a blended beverage based on green coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) water, pineapple (Ananas comosus) and acerola (Malpighia emarginata D. C.) pulps as a ready to drink product, combining the sensory acceptance, nutritional and functional compounds of these fruits. Ten formulations of mixed beverages were evaluated with regard physicochemical determinations, functional compounds and sensorial attributes. Since here was no significative change in the acceptance of here formulations, the product composed of 65% green coconut water, 15% of pineapple and 20% acerola pulp was selected based on the best combination of nutritional components. This formulation presented the required characteristics for a new commercial product.

Los denominados metales pesados (MP) aparecen como componentes y/o impurezas en muchos de los productos cotidianos en nuestra vida diaria. Constituyen una de los residuos más contaminantes que encontramos en el Medio Ambiente y se encuentran presentes en cantidades más o menos importantes, en las aguas, formando parte de los tejidos orgánicos (bioacumulados) o en el suelo como receptáculo final de los residuos antrópicos. Uno de los problemas más comunes a la hora de considerar la toxicidad y, por tanto, el impacto ambiental de los metales pesados en el suelo es determinar los valores límites de esos elementos a partir de los cuales pueden considerarse nocivos para el Medio Ambiente en general.

Propôs-se, neste trabalho, avaliar a variação dos constituintes químicos do solo devido à aplicação de água residuária e água de um depósito de fonte superficial, durante dois ciclos da alface (Lactuca sativa L.), cv "Elisa", utilizando-se os sistemas de irrigação por aspersão, gotejamento subterrâneo e superficial. Analisaram-se as camadas de solo de 0-0,10 e 0,10-0,20 m, aos 6, 26 e 46 dias após o transplantio no 1° ciclo e aos 7, 27 e 49 dias após o transplantio, no 2° ciclo. Os resultados demonstraram que no 1° ciclo a concentração de sódio apresentou elevação nos tratamentos irrigados com água residuária, em ambas as camadas de solo. As concentrações de manganês e cobre também indicaram elevação nesse ciclo, para a camada de solo de 0-0,10 m na irrigação por aspersão e gotejamento superficial com água residuária; no 2° ciclo os tratamentos irrigados com água residuária mostraram elevação do nitrogênio total em ambas as camadas de solo analisadas e da matéria orgânica, somente na camada de 0-0,10 m. Nesse ciclo, o manganês e o cobre também apresentaram redução na concentração, efeito atribuído às chuvas que ocorreram no período. | The purpose of this study was to compare the variation of soil chemical constituents due to wastewater and surface water reservoir applications, during two cycles of the lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.), cv "Elisa", using sprinkler, surface and subsurface drip irrigation. The soil layers of 0 - 0.1 m and 0.1 - 0.2 m were analyzed, after 6, 26 and 46 days of transplanting in the 1st cycle and after 7, 27 and 49 days in the 2nd cycle. The results showed an elevation of sodium concentration in the 1st cycle for the treatments irrigated with wastewater in both soil layers. The manganese and copper concentrations increased in the 1st cycle in the soil layer of 0 - 0.1 m for the sprinkler and surface drip irrigated with wastewater. In the 2nd cycle the treatments with waste water presented an elevation of total nitrogen in both analyzed layers and for organic matter in the layer of 0 - 0.1 m. Also in this cycle, a reduction in the manganese and copper concentrations was found, attributed to the rainfall that occurred in the period.

Teve-se, neste trabalho, como função principal, avaliar a retenção de água no solo e sua disponibilidade às plantas, em plantio direto (PD) e preparo convencional (PC). O estudo foi conduzido em Eldorado do Sul, Brasil, em 2002. Densidade do solo, porosidade total, macroporosidade, mesoporosidade, microporosidade, distribuição do tamanho de mesoporos, curvas de retenção de água, capacidade de campo (CC) e ponto de murcha permanente (PMP) foram analisados em sete profundidades no perfil. As maiores diferenças ocorreram próximo à superfície. Na profundidade de 2,5 cm a densidade foi 7% menor e a porosidade total foi cerca de 15% maior em PD do que em PC. A mesoporosidade apresentou distribuição exponencial em PD, com valores mais elevados em tamanhos maiores de poros, mas teve tendência a uma curva normal em PC. Em todo o perfil, PC apresentou cerca de 53% mais água armazenada em comparação a PD; entretanto, a armazenagem de água foi 80% maior em PD próximo à superfície (2,5 cm de profundidade). Nos primeiros 15 cm de profundidade 70% da água disponível foram retidos acima de -80 kPa em PD, em comparação a 50%, para PC. O sistema plantio direto aumenta a disponibilidade de água às plantas próximo à superfície e com menos energia de retenção, em comparação com o preparo convencional. | This work had the objective of evaluating the soil water storage and availability to plants, when comparing the no-tillage (NT) and conventional tillage (CT) systems. The study was conducted in Eldorado do Sul, Brazil, in 2002. Soil density, total porosity, macroporosity, mesoporosity, microporosity, distribution of mesopores size, curves of water retention, field capacity (FC), and permanent wilting point (PWP) were analyzed in seven depths, into the soil profile. The highest differences occurred close to the soil surface. At 2.5 cm deep, the soil density was 7% lower while the total soil porosity was about 15% higher in NT than in CT. The mesoporosity showed an exponential distribution in NT, with highest values for largest mesopores, but it tended to a normal curve in CT. Considering the entire soil profile, the soil water storage was about 53% higher in CT than in NT. However, close to the soil surface (at 2.5 cm deep) it was 80% higher in NT than in CT. From the soil surface to 15 cm deep, 70% of the available water was retained above the limit of -80 kPa in NT, in comparison to 50% in CT. The no-tillage system increases the water availability to plants and reduces the energy of retention in the upper soil layers, in comparison to the conventional tillage.

En septiembre de 2003, campesinos mazahuas de Villa de Allende, Estado de México sufrieron inundaciones en 300 hectáreas de cultivo por el desbordamiento del río Malacatepec proveniente de la presa de Villa Victoria, del sistema Cutzamala. Esta fue la razón para que los campesinos se organizaran para exigir el pago de sus cultivos. Al cabo de tres meses de espera, en febrero de 2004, los mazahuas iniciaron una serie de acciones colectivas y se constituyeron como el Frente para la Defensa de los Derechos Humanos y Recursos Naturales del Pueblo Mazahua. Después de un año de movilizaciones surgió el Ejército Zapatista de Mujeres en Defensa del Agua, el cual tuvo un importante impacto mediático que logró ejercer presión política ante las instancias involucradas, para beneficio del movimiento. El objetivo de este documento es presentar los hallazgos más significativos de la participación de los mazahuas en la movilización; así como dar a conocer las causas que generan este importante movimiento político, el cual trascendió más allá del pago de daños a los cultivos, logrando consolidar otras demandas tales como: la dotación de agua potable y de servicios básicos, así como de un plan de desarrollo sustentable para las comunidades. | On September, 2003, Mazahua peasants from Villa de Allende, State of México, suffered flooding on 300 hectares of crops because of overflowing of the Malacatepec River, originating from the Villa Victoria dam of the Cutzamala system. This was the reason why the peasants organized themselves to demand payment of their crops. After three months of waiting, in February 2004, the Mazahua began a series of collective actions and came together as the Frente para la Defensa de los Derechos Humanos y Recursos Naturales del Pueblo Mazahua. After one year of mobilization, the Ejército Zapatista de Mujeres en Defensa del Agua arose, which turned out to have an important media impact that was able to exercise political pressure on the instances involved, in benefit of the movement. The objective of this document is to present the most significant findings regarding the participation of Mazahua people in the movement. Also, to expose the causes that generated this important political movement, which transcended beyond payment of crop damages, consolidating other demands such as: provision of drinking water and basic services, as well as a plan for sustainable development for the communities.

El experimento se desarrolló en la Estación Experimental del Arroz Los Palacios durante tres años (2005-2007) en condiciones semicontroladas, con un diseño experimental completamente aleatorizado, dos tratamientos y cinco réplicas. El estudio consistió en utilizar un retardador de la evaporación del agua (alcohol estearílico) para formar una monocapa sobre la superficie libre del líquido, que impedía grandes pérdidas de agua por evaporación; en el tratamiento que se aplicó el producto retardador, se redujeron las pérdidas a 14.97 mg.min-1.cm-2, mientras que en el tratamiento que no se suministró el retardador, se alcanzó el mayor valor de pérdidas de agua por evaporación: 30.27 g.min-1.cm-2; por tanto, se pudo comprobar que el uso del retardador redujo significativamente las pérdidas de agua, lo que refleja la eficiencia del producto empleado.