Se analizan las dinámicas territoriales que se han desarrollado en las comarcas valencianas beneficiadas con las políticas de desarrollo regional (iniciativa LEADER y programa PRODER) desde la década de los noventa del siglo XX. Éstas se relacionan con la nueva funcionalidad de los medios rurales y, concretamente, la importancia creciente que, desde el punto de vista económico, ha adquirido el turismo en estas comarcas interiores. Su análisis permite establecer, en una fase posterior, las repercusiones de estas políticas de diversificación económica en el consumo de agua. Determinada la situación actual de las actividades turístico-residenciales, se elaborarán hipótesis de crecimiento del sector. Ello permitirá proponer tendencias y estimaciones de consumo según horizontes y la incidencia de las nuevas demandas. | It is analyzed territorial dynamics that have been developed in Valencian areas benefited with regional development policies (LEADER and PRODER) since 1991. These ones are related with new rural areas functionality and, particularly, the increasing importance that tourist activities have acquired in these inner areas, from economic criterion. The analysis of these dynamics allows establishing, in a later phase, repercussions of economic diversification policies on water demand. Fixed present situation of tourist and residential activities, it will be elaborated hypotheses about economic sector increase. It will allow proposing tendencies and estimations of water consumption according to horizons and incidences of new demands.

Reduzir, reutilizar e reciclar são as novas tendências do mercado para o gerenciamento dos resíduos. Tanto as grandes empresas como as pequenas estão se adequando a esse novo cenário, marcado por uma rígida legislação ambiental, pelo alto custo da produção e pela competição. No setor da agroindústria não é diferente. No sentido de contribuir para a melhoria da gestão ambiental das micro e pequenas empresas, o objetivo geral deste trabalho foi disponibilizar conhecimentos sobre práticas e/ou procedimentos para redução do consumo de água e da geração de resíduos em micro e pequenas empresas de laticínios. Um diagnóstico ambiental foi realizado por meio de um levantamento do consumo de água e da geração de efluentes de uma pequena indústria de laticínios localizada na Zona da Mata Mineira. De posse do diagnóstico, foi proposto um sistema multimídia direcionado, principalmente, para as micro e pequenas indústrias de laticínios, mostrando a importância e as vantagens de se fazer um controle preventivo da geração de resíduos e do consumo de água. Além disso, o sistema multimídia proposto orienta passo a passo como implementar um programa de redução do consumo de água e um sistema de gerenciamento ambiental na indústria de laticínios. Por meio do diagnóstico de consumo de água e da geração de efluentes na indústria de laticínios concluiu-se que: i) As linhas de produção de queijo mussarela, queijo frescal e requeijão geram a maior carga orgânica específica (kg de DQO/m3 de leite processado), devido ao descarte direto do soro no efluente; ii) A falta de padronização dos procedimentos de limpeza e a falta de conscientização e treinamento dos funcionários em relação às boas práticas ambientais são pontos críticos em todas as linhas de processamento, tendo sido observado um consumo excessivo de água para uma unidade do porte da indústria de laticínios estudada; iii) Os coeficientes de consumo específico de água (L de água/L litro de leite recebido) no valor de 6,1 para água industrial e 7,0 para água total (água industrial mais vapor), estão muito acima dos encontrados na literatura. Finalmente, identificou-se que a implementação de medidas simples como o reaproveitamento do soro, a padronização dos procedimentos de limpeza, o treinamento e a conscientização dos funcionários, a manutenção preventiva dos equipamentos e práticas de reuso de água proporcionarão a redução no consumo de água e no volume e na carga poluidora do efluente. Em relação ao sistema multimídia desenvolvido, o mesmo consiste de quatro módulos, com informações interligadas, facilitando a compreensão e proporcionando rapidez no seu uso. Esses módulos são: Sistema de Gerenciamento Ambiental (SGA), Programa de Conservação e Reuso de Água (PCRA), Características de resíduos da indústria de laticínios e Manual para implantação de um SGA. Dentro de cada módulo, as informações estão organizadas em itens e subitens. Além desses módulos, o programa apresenta itens de apoio contendo saiba mais, glossário, legislação, exemplos de aplicação na indústria e um acesso ao editor de mensagem que permite comunicar com o especialista. De acordo com os avaliadores, o sistema multimídia proposto apresenta grande potencial para ser usado como uma ferramenta de apoio no gerenciamento de resíduos e na redução do consumo de água nas indústrias de laticínios. Ajustes, principalmente, nas ferramentas de navegação, na estética e qualidade gráfica dos ambientes e na interface (cores e imagens) tornarão o ambiente mais atrativo e facilitará a sua utilização pelo público alvo. | Reducing, reusing, and recycling are the new trends in the market to management of residues. Both big and small enterprises are fitting themselves to this scenery, labeled by a strict environmental legislation, by the high cost of production and by the competition. In the agricultural industry section is not different. In the sense to contribute to the improvement of environmental management in the micro and small enterprises, the general aim of this work was to make available the knowledge on practices and/ or procedures to reduce the water consumption and generation of residues in micro and small dairy enterprises. An environmental diagnostic was carried out through a survey on the water consumption and generation of effluents in a small dairy industry located in Zona da Mata Mineira. In possession of the diagnostic, an addressed multimedia system was proposed, mainly to the micro and small dairy industries, showing the importance and advantages in doing a preventive control in generation of residues and in the water consumption. Besides that, the proposed multimedia system guides step by step how to implement a reduction in water consumption and in a system of environmental management in the dairy industry. By diagnosing the water consumption and a generation of effluents it was concluded that: I) the production lines of mussarela cheese, frescal cheese and requeijão produce the highest specific organic load (DQO kg/ m3 manipulate milk), due to the immediate discard of whey in the effluent, ii) the lack of standard of the cleaning procedures and lack of awareness and training of the workers regarded to the good environmental practices are critical points in all processecing lines, and it has been notices that an excessive water consumption to an unity with the size of the dairies studied; iii) the coefficients of specific consumption of water ( L of water / L of received milk) in the value of 6.1 to industrial water and 7.0 to the total water (industrial water plus vapor), are higher than the ones found in the literature. Finally, it was identified the implementation of simple measures as the reusing of the whey, the setting of standards for cleaning procedures, the training and awareness of the workers, the preventive maintenance of the equipments and practices of reuse of the water will provide reduction in water consumption and in the volume and in the polluter load of the effluent . Regarding to the developed multimedia system, it is made up of four modules with interconnected information making the understanding easier and giving rapidity on its use. Those modules are the following: System of Environmental Management (SGA), Program of Conservation and Reuse of the Water (PCRA), Characteristics of residues in the Dairy Industry and Manual to implementation of a SGA. The information is organized in items and subitems in each modulo. Besides those modules, the program presents items of support having know more, glossary, legislation, examples of application in the industry and access to the editor of message that allows to communicate with the expert. Accordingly to the appraiser, the proposed multimedia system shows a great potential to be used as support tool in the management of residues and in the reduction of water consumption in the dairy industry. Adjustments, mainly in the navigation tools, in the aesthetics and graphic quality of the environments and interface (colors and images) made the environment more attractive and it will make its utilization by the target public easier. | Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico

Este trabajo tiene como objetivo fundamental definir relaciones que puedan predecir las pérdidas de agua y nitratos por debajo de la zona radical de los cultivos en suelos ferralíticos rojos del sur de La Habana. El trabajo se realizó en dos partes, primeramente se utilizó el modelo mecanicista MACRO para simular balances hídricos sobre suelo desnudo con un amplio rango de ingresos de agua. Como resultado se encontró una relación para estimar las cantidades de agua perdidas, por debajo de la zona radical, en función de las humedades precedentes y los ingresos totales diarios por concepto de precipitación más riego. La segunda parte del trabajo consistió en la simulación del mismo rango de cantidades de agua utilizado en la primera parte, combinado con cuatro cantidades diferentes de aplicación de fertilizante nitrogenado. Como resultado de estas simulaciones se obtuvo una relación para estimar las cantidades de nitratos lixiviados en el fondo del perfil del suelo, en función de las cantidades de agua total y fertilizante nitrogenado aplicado. Los resultados mostraron que en los suelos de estudio las pérdidas de agua y nitratos pueden llegar a ser considerablemente grandes en dependencia de la humedad precedente al riego y los ingresos totales de agua y fertilizante al perfil, debido fundamentalmente al comportamiento de la conductividad hidráulica en los mismos. Por su parte las relaciones definidas pueden ser utilizadas con una precisión adecuada, para la predicción de las pérdidas de agua y lixiviación de nitratos en el perfil del suelo en estudio, para las condiciones de manejo del riego y fertilización nitrogenada de la mayoría de los cultivos agrícolas de la zona en estudio

La presente investigación se llevó a cabo en la hacienda bufalera La Suiza, localizada en el Magdalena Medio colombiano, de enero a diciembre del año 2004. El trabajo hizo parte de un macroproyecto de investigación sobre la especie bufalina, la cual involucró además de la presente investigación, la determinación de constantes fisiológicas, parámetros hematológicos y curvas de eliminación de huevos por gramo de parásitos gastrointestinales. De un total de 4200 búfalos se seleccionaron al azar 150 animales los cuales fueron divididos en tres grupos etáreos (< 12 meses, 12-36 meses y > 36 meses). A cada animal se le tomó una muestra de materia fecal una vez al mes por un lapso de 12 meses, realizándose las pruebas parasitológicas de sedimentación flotación, Baermann, Dennis y coprocultivo. Se pudo determinar la no presencia de parásitos como Dictiocaulus spp, Fasciola spp y la presencia de Nematodirus spp, Cooperia spp Ostertagia spp, Trichuris spp, Oesofagostomum spp, Bunostomum spp, Trichostrongylus spp, Strongyloides spp, Eimeria spp, Moniezia spp, Toxacara spp y Haemonchus spp en la población bufalina de la hacienda La Suiza.

Revised! This series is the Spanish language version of the Handbook of Florida Water Regulations by Michael T. Olexa, Luke D'Isernia, Laura Minton, Dulcy Miller, and Sara Corbett.  Published by the UF Department of Food and Resource Economics, November 2006. FE069/FE069: Manual de los Reglamentos del Agua en Florida: Plan de Emergencia y Ley del Derecho-a-Saber de la Comunidad (Título III de las Enmiendas y la Reautorización del Superfondo) (ufl.edu) Ask IFAS: Manual de los Reglamentos del Agua de Florida (ufl.edu)

In this thesis, an analysis of the physical environment and water use in a commercial orchard located in Caspe (Zaragoza) is presented. The climate, crops and irrigation structures in the orchard were characterised along with the spatial variability of selected soil physical properties related to irrigation. Crop water requirements were determined in the Caspe region under standard conditions and regulated deficit irrigation for the study years (2005-2007). Irrigation water use in the orchard was analyzed for these years and for the different crops and crop cycles. Finally, the variability of meteorological variables in the orchard was characterized using two agrometeorological weather stations and the effect of meteorology on crop water requirements was assessed. The orchard was characterized by a large variability in soil physical properties. Regulated deficit irrigation resulted in relevant water savings compared to standard irrigation. An evolution towards deficit irrigation is suggested. Significant differences were observed in wind speed between the two agrometeorological stations. These differences in wind speed resulted in differences in reference evapotranspiration of 22 per cent. Deficit irrigation is currently being used in the orchard, not always following the rules established for regulated deficit irrigation. Water planning in the orchard will have to take into account the detected spatial variability in crop water requirements

This thesis presents the work carried out to develop a simulation system for nuclear power plants, denominated TRETA / COPMA-III integrated simulator, which allows the simulation of the thermalhydraulic processes that take place in this type of facilities, in normal operation and emergency operation, as well as the control room crew actions related with the management of the emergency situations. The simulation of the thermalhydraulic processes is carried out by means of the TRETA (PWR) or TIZONA (BWR) simulators, both developed by the Spanish Nuclear Council (CSN). In what concerns to the simulation of the human performance, and taking into account the fact that in this type of facilities the management of the emergencies is strongly proceduralized, the COPMA-III procedures simulator is used. This simulator has been developed by the Halden Reactor Project (HRP), and it was adapted by the HRP development team for its use in the integrated simulator. This new tool is characterized mainly by its modular structure and its interconnection ability with other codes. In an individual way, the different codes that compose the simulator present advanced capacities in its models. Firstly, the TRETA simulator presents great versatility in defining the grade of complexity in the simulation of the processes. On the other hand, regarding to the COPMA-III simulator, it enables the automatic simulation of human actions proceduralized or planned, that means, all of those manual performances of which it is possible to develop a deterministic scheme, including aspects of timing and work load. Concerning the simulator package modular structure, it makes possible even the substitution of the process or procedures simulators and the implementation of any other simulator that it is considered more appropriate for specific necessities. This simulation system not only could be applied to validate the procedures design, but rather could be use in the verification of the consistency of the analyses made in the safety analysis. This last aspect is specially relevant, because these studies don’t include, except for seldom cases, the dynamic evaluation of the operator actions impact in the analysis of the accidental sequences.