O pinhão manso tem atraído bastante interesse nos últimos anos por apresentar elevado potencial de fornecer óleo para produção de biocombustível e isso tem provocado a expansão rápida das áreas de cultivo em todo mundo. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a influência da irrigação com água de diferentes condutividades elétricas (CEa) e doses de fósforo sobre os componentes de produção de pinhão manso durante o terceiro ano de produção. Usou-se o delineamento em blocos casualizados em um fatorial (5x2) com quatro repetições, sendo cinco níveis de salinidade (CEa - 0,6 testemunha; 1,2; 1,8; 2,4 e 3,0dS m-1) da água de irrigação e duas doses de P2O5 (135 e 200g planta 1 ano-1), em que a água de 0,6dS m-1 refere-se à água de abastecimento e à dose de 135g planta-1, a recomendação para o pinhão manso. As plantas foram cultivadas em vasos com capacidade de 200L e irrigados a cada três dias. O número de dias para inflorescência, número de cachos planta-1, produtividade de sementes e o teor de óleo das sementes de pinhão manso foram afetados negativamente pelo o aumento da salinidade da água de irrigação. A cultura do pinhão manso irrigado com água com condutividade elétrica de 1,3dS m-1 reduz 10% da produtividade das sementes e consequentemente do teor de óleo em suas sementes. Somente o número de dias para inflorescência foi afetado pelas doses de fósforo. Verificou-se correlação positiva e significativa entre o peso de 100 sementes e o teor de óleo das sementes que, respectivamente, foram 90,26g e 36,39% no tratamento irrigado com a água de menor condutividade elétrica. | The physic nut has attracted considerable interest in recent years because of the high potential to provide oil for biofuel production and this has caused the rapid expansion of cultivated area worldwide. This research aimed to evaluate the influence of irrigation with water of different electrical conductivity (ECw) and two doses of phosphorus on the production components of physic nut during the third year of production. A randomized block design in a factorial (5x2) was adopted with four repetitions, with five levels of salinity (ECw - 0.6 control; 1.2; 1.8; 2.4 and 3.0dS m-1) of the irrigation water and two doses of P2O5 (135 and 200g plant-1 year-1), in which the water of 0.6dS m-1 refers to municipal supply water and the dose of 135g plant-1 is the recommended dose for physic nut. Plants were cultivated in recipient of 200L and irrigated at intervals of three days. The number of days for inflorescence, number of clusters plant-1, grain yield and oil content of physic nut seeds were negatively affected by the increasing salinity of the irrigated water. The cultivation of physic nut irrigated with electrical conductivity of 1.3dS m-1 reduces the productivity by 10% and consequently the seed oil content. Only the number of days for inflorescence was affected by phosphorus doses. A positive and significant correlation between weight of 100 seeds and oil content of seeds was observed and in the treatment with the lowest ECw the values obtained were respectively 90.26g and 36.39%.

Este manual está diseñado para proporcionar un resumen exacto, actual y autorizado, de las principales leyes Federales y de Florida que están directa o indirectamente relacionadas con la agricultura. This revised document is part of a series of 37 brief fact sheets, the Spanish-language version of the Handbook of Florida Water Regulation. Published by the UF Department of Food and Resource Economics, May 2012. FE067/FE067: Manual de los Reglamentos del Agua en Florida: Ley Integral de Respuesta, Compensación y Responsabilidad (o Superfundo) (ufl.edu)

Este manual está diseñado para proporcionar un resumen exacto, actual y autorizado, de las principales leyes Federales y de Florida que están directa o indirectamente relacionadas con la agricultura. This revised document is part of a series of 37 brief fact sheets, the Spanish-language version of the Handbook of Florida Water Regulation. Published by the UF Department of Food and Resource Economics, May 2012. FE079/FE079: Manual de los Reglamentos del Agua en Florida: Departamento de Agricultura y Servicios al Consumidor de Florida (ufl.edu)

O trabalho foi realizado para verificar o efeito de lâminas crescentes de irrigação sobre parâmetros de salinidade do solo, em duas condições de solo e água, na região de Mossoró-RN. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições, em bandejas com dimensões de 0,235 x 0,365 m, contendo 0,00343 m³ de solo. Nelas foram testadas seis lâminas de irrigação (L1=500 mm, L2=1000 mm, L3=1500 mm, L4=2000 mm, L5=3000 mm e L6=5000 mm) e dois tipos de solos, um Latossolo (S1) e um Cambissolo (S2), irrigados com águas de poços próximos ao local da coleta do solo, mais o tratamento-testemunha, totalizando 56 parcelas experimentais. Os parâmetros utilizados na avaliação da salinidade do solo foram o pH, a condutividade elétrica do extrato de saturação (CEes) e a Razão de Adsorção de Sódio do extrato de saturação (RASes).Os dados foram submetidos à análise de regressão, sendo testados os coeficientes dos modelos com base no quadrado médio do resíduo da analise de variância. As lâminas crescentes de irrigação levaram ao aumento da salinidade, sendo que os valores de CEes apresentaram efeito quadrático nos dois solos, enquanto que a RASes e o pH apresentaram efeito quadrático no Latossolo e linear no Cambissolo.

A água é vital para as plantas. Uma redução na disponibilidade de água pode afetar a transpiração e o crescimento foliar das culturas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a resposta da transpiração e do crescimento foliar ao conteúdo de água disponível no solo, representado pela fração de água transpirável no solo (FATS), em dois clones de batata (um antigo e um recente) adaptados ao Sul do Brasil. Foram realizados três experimentos em ambiente protegido por abrigo telado em Santa Maria, RS, dois deles na primavera (cultivo de safra), com plantios em 20/08/2008 (E1) e 20/10/2008 (E2), e um experimento no outono (cultivo de safrinha), com plantio em 25/03/2009 (E3), usando-se dois clones de batata: um antigo ('Macaca') e um recente ('SMINIA793101-3'). A água disponível, representada pela FATS, a transpiração e o crescimento foliar foram medidos diariamente durante o período de imposição da deficiência hídrica. A FATS crítica que começa a alterar a transpiração, indicativo do início do fechamento estomático, foi de 0,39, 0,47 e 0,28 no clone 'Macaca' e de 0,47, 0,49 e 0,33 no clone 'SMINIA793101-3', para os experimentos E1, E2 e E3, respectivamente, enquanto o crescimento foliar começou a ser reduzido, com valor de FATS crítica maior para o clone 'Macaca', indicando que o clone 'SMINIA793101-3' é mais tolerante ao déficit hídrico no solo que o clone 'Macaca'. | Water is vital for plants. A reduction in water availability may affect crops transpiration and leaf growth. The objective of this study was to determine the response of transpiration and leaf growth to the fraction of transpirable soil water (FTSW) in two potato clones (an old and a new) adapted to Southern Brazil. Three experiments were carried out under a plastic shelter in Santa Maria, RS, Brazil, using two potato clones, an old ('Macaca') and a new ('SMINIA793101-3'). Two of the experiments were in spring (planting on 08/20/2008 (E1) and 10/20/2008 (E2)), and one in fall, (planting on 03/25/2009 (E3)). Soil water, represented by the FTSW, transpiration and leaf growth were measured on a daily basis during the period of soil drying. The threshold FTSW, when transpiration begins to be affected, which is an indicator of stomata closure, was 0.39, 0.47 and 0.28 for the clone 'Macaca' and 0.47, 0.49 and 0.33 for 'SMINIA793101-3' in E1, E2 and E3, respectively, whereas leaf growth was affected at a higher FTSW threshold for 'Macaca'. These results indicate that 'SMINIA793101-3' is more tolerant to soil water deficit than 'Macaca'.

Santa Catarina State has encouraged the use of cisterns as a technology to offer water in quantity and quality to livestock. The region is characterized by severe droughts in the summer months. The aims of the study were: to monitor physical, chemical and microbiological rain water quality parameters of a cistern; to evaluate if water had quality for pigs and beef cattle water consumption. Concentrations of nitrate, nitrite and ammonia were in accordance with the standards for animal consumption. E. coli was present in some samples. The rainfall and speed of wind influenced the concentrations of nitrogen. Investigations of the relations between these environmental parameters and water quality must be conducted to avoid agricultural and livestock emission sources to have a negative impact on water quality. The water stored in the cistern showed satisfactory quality for use of pigs and beef cattle drinking. This gives support to the utilization of this technology to improve the water use efficiency for livestock. | Na região do Meio Oeste Catarinense tem-se incentivado a utilização de cisternas como tecnologia capaz de ofertar água aos rebanhos. A região é caracterizada por secas severas nos meses de verão. Os objetivos da pesquisa foram: monitorar variáveis físicas, químicas e microbiológicas de qualidade da água de chuva de uma cisterna; avaliar se a água armazenada possuía qualidade para dessedentação de suínos e bovinos de corte. As concentrações de nitrato, nitrito e amônia mantiveram-se de acordo com os padrões para o consumo animal. A E. coli esteve presente em algumas amostras. A quantidade de chuva e velocidade do vento influenciaram as concentrações dos elementos nitrogenados. Investigações a fim de aprofundar esse conhecimento devem ser conduzidas para que as fontes emissoras agrícolas e pecuárias não representam alto impacto negativo para a qualidade da água. A água armazenada na cisterna apresentou qualidade satisfatória para o uso na dessedentação de suínos e bovinos de corte o que corrobora a utilização da tecnologia, visando o uso eficiente da água pelas produções pecuárias.

This Master Thesis is a study of different aspects of water resource management in the project of “Riegos del Alto Aragón”, the largest irrigation project in Spain and even Europe. The main objective is to analyze the basic functioning of irrigation infrastructures and their interactions, and the changes they have experienced as a result of the so-called modernization of irrigation. The study area is located between the Huesca and Zaragoza provinces in Aragon, Spain, with a semiarid climate where rainfed agriculture faces low productivity and a large uncertainty in the crops. So, since the mid nineteenth century there is a growing demand for the use of the discharge of the Pyrenean Rivers (Gállego and Cinca). Finally, the Riegos del Alto Aragón project was approved in 1915 although it has not yet finished actually. Since then, a complex infrastructure has been slowly developed, trying to supply water to 300.000 hectares according to the initial project, although much later revisions have lowered the expectations. In 2012 more than 120,000 irrigated hectares have been transformed, contributing very significantly to the increase in crop productivity and diversity, as well as the landscape and economic diversification affecting to a territory larger than the irrigated area. For this reason several dams have been built, with their smaller ditches, small internal reservoirs and, irrigation reservoirs with their pumping stations, a complex infrastructure network reflecting the purpose of transforming the space and the use of water in the most efficient way. The analysis of the management of water infrastructure (dams and canals), allows us to conclude that in wet years there are no restrictions on irrigation water demand, whereas in dry years, water scarcity at the beginning of the irrigation season (March) forces to establish a quota system limiting the number of cubic meters per hectare available for each farmer. This means that farmers have to adopt critical decisions when choosing crops and surfaces to be irrigated. Also, the study of the typology of the irrigated area in Riegos del Alto Aragón demonstrates the existence of two groups. (i) On one side, the ancient irrigation systems are the first that have been transformed in the 1950’s, 1960’s and 1970’s, dominated by small parcels sometimes bench-terraced, dominated by winter cereals and overflowing irrigation systems. (ii) On the other hand, there are modern or modernized irrigated areas that have been launched in the 1990’s and 2000’s. They are characterized by large parcels (due to land concentration), disappearance of terraces, with a predominance of pressurized irrigation systems and crops with high demand of water and with high yields (corn, alfalfa, rice ...). Therefore, as a result of modernization, water management has resulted in profound changes. For instance, water distribution is handled automatically and from distance through new technologies and softwares (ADOR). Nevertheless, modernization faces to some limitations, among which we must underline the wind in the case of sprinkler irrigation systems, farming part-time, high investment costs for the conversion to pressurized irrigation systems, and rising costs of the energy required for the functioning of the system. An important aspect in which we have placed special emphasis is the need of the construction of irrigation ponds, which are essential in the process of modernization. The ponds are used to store water and to send the pressurized water to the fields, either by gravity or by pumping systems. In addition, the ponds have increased the flexibility in the efficiency of the water use. Among the problems to which the project of the Riegos del Alto Aragón faces, we have to highlight the high costs of modernization, the elevated energy costs and the rising difficulties to regulate the rivers Cinca and Gállego, which calls into question the expansion of irrigation to the southern face of the Sierra de Alcubierre. On the other hand, the system faces several uncertainties regarding the potential effects of climate change. The current and future increases in temperature increases the water needs of crops coinciding with a moment when there is a trend to decreasing water resources, due to the hydrological effect of the expansion of shrubs and forests in mountain areas as a result of depopulation, lower livestock pressure and the abandonment of crops on hillsides

Una característica de Salmonella es su capacidad para formar biopelículas. Estas estructuras pueden convertirse en focos de contaminación en la producción de alimentos inocuos, ya que resisten tratamientos con antimicrobianos y son difíciles de remover en procedimientos normales de limpieza. Por lo anterior los objetivos del presente estudio fueron: 1) determinar la capacidad de cepas de Salmonella, aisladas de nopal verdura (10 cepas), muestras de agua (2 cepas) y suelo (3 cepas), para formar biopelículas y 2) evaluar el efecto bactericida de los desinfectantes ácido cítrico, ácido láctico e hipoclorito de sodio sobre cepas formadoras de biopelículas. Se utilizó el método de OToole y Kolter (1998) y placas de poliestireno (Coster®) con medio esencial mínimo con glucosa (MEM) y se determinó la densidad óptica (D.O) para estimar la producción de biopelículas. Los desinfectantes se aplicaron a placas con formación de biopelículas en MEM simple de 48 h a 37 °C. Todas las cepas registraron producción de biopelículas desde las 24 h aunque se obtuvieron diferencias significativas (Tukey α= 0.05), dependiendo del tiempo de incubación con respecto a los valores de D. O. Las cepas de suelo expresaron su capacidad más rápidamente que las de agua y nopal. El hipoclorito de sodio (200 ppm) y el ácido láctico (1.5 X 10-4) inhibieron el crecimiento de células cuando se aplicaron por 20 min sobre las biopelículas. Los resultados aquí obtenidos evidencian la importancia de implementar las buenas prácticas agrícolas en la producción de nopal, como estrategia para prevenir la contaminación por cepas de Salmonella formadoras de biopelículas in vivo, donde el efecto de los tratamientos con sanitizantes pudiera variar. | A characteristic from Salmonella is its capacity to form biofilms. These structures can become sources of contamination in the production of safe food, as they resist treatment with antibiotics and are difficult to remove in normal cleaning procedures. Therefore the objectives of this study were: 1) determine the capacity of Salmonella strains isolated from prickly pear (10 strains), water samples (2 strains) and soil (3 strains) to form biofilms and 2) evaluate the bactericidal effect of disinfectants citric acid, lactic acid and sodium hypochlorite on biofilm-forming strains. We used the method of O'Toole and Kolter (1998) and polystyrene plates (Coster®) with minimal essential medium with glucose (MEM) and determined the optical density (OD) to estimate the production of biofilms. The disinfectants were applied to plates with biofilm formation in simple MEM 48 h at 37 °C. All strains showed biofilm production after 24 h although there were significant differences (Tukey α= 0.05), depending on the incubation time with respect to the values of OD. The soil strains expressed it's the capacity faster than water and prickly pear. Sodium hypochlorite (200 ppm) and lactic acid (1.5 x 10-4) inhibited cell growth when applied for 20 min on biofilms. The results obtained demonstrate the importance of implementing good agricultural practices in the production of prickly pear as a strategy to prevent contamination by Salmonella strains biofilms forming in vivo, where the effect of treatment with sanitizers may vary.

The large amounts of organic matter, nutrients, heavy metals and other chemical substances in water is one of the most troubling problems faced by all countries worldwide. Therefore, the priorities for sustainable development are the control, reduction and treatment of wastewater from urban, agricultural, agro-industrial and industrial discharges into water bodies. Unfortunately, the operational complexity and high investment and maintenance costs associated with conventional wastewater treatment systems have limited their usage in small municipalities, rural zones and small and medium industries. The biofiltration process on organic medium has recently been developed in Canada in order to solve the sanitation problems and meet its needs in these important sectors. This process is based on the capacity of certain organic media to act as natural resins, which are able to retain different types of pollutants through adsorption/absorption mechanisms and contribute to the settling of microorganisms capable of degrading the entrapped pollutants. Because this technology is decentralized and can resolve problems in many rural and semi-urban zones, it has recently been of interest in Mexico. It has been tested in the laboratory for treating urban and industrial wastewater using organic materials in the region and the first real-scale system has been installed. Therefore, the objective of this research is to present the main results obtained for this technology at the real-scale and its impact on the urban sectors (small municipalities and rural zones) and agro-industry (pig and poultry farms) in Canada and Mexico. | La presencia de cantidades excesivas de materia orgánica, nutrientes, metales pesados y substancias químicas en el agua constituye uno de los más inquietantes problemas a los que están confrontados la mayoría de los países del mundo. Por esta razón, el desarrollo sustentable prioriza el control, la reducción y el tratamiento de las descargas urbanas, agrícolas, agroalimentarias e industriales a los cuerpos de agua. Desafortunadamente, la complejidad de operación y los altos costos de inversión y de mantenimiento asociados con los sistemas convencionales de tratamiento de aguas residuales han limitado la aplicación de éstos en los pequeños municipios, en las zonas rurales, y en la pequeña y mediana industria. El proceso de biofiltración por percolación sobre material filtrante orgánico se ha desarrollado en los últimos años en Canadá, con el fin de resolver la problemática y satisfacer las necesidades de saneamiento de estos importantes sectores socioeconómicos. Este proceso está basado en la capacidad que tienen ciertos medios orgánicos de actuar como resinas naturales, capaces de fijar diferentes substancias contaminantes mediante mecanismos de adsorción/absorción y de favorecer la implantación de microorganismos capaces de biodegradar los contaminantes retenidos; al ser una tecnología de tipo descentralizada que puede resolver problemas en muchas zonas rurales y semi-urbanas, en México ha cobrado interés recientemente. Ha sido probada a escala de laboratorio para tratamiento de efluentes urbanos e industriales, utilizando materiales orgánicos de la región. Con base en los resultados obtenidos, se instaló un primer sistema a escala real. El objetivo de este trabajo es presentar los resultados de las principales realizaciones a escala real de esta tecnología y su impacto en los sectores urbano (pequeños municipios, zonas rurales), agropecuario (granjas porcinas) y agroalimentario (rastros avícolas) en Canadá y México.

Dissertação de Mestrado em Engenharia do Ambiente. | A água subterrânea captada para consumo humano no concelho de Ponta Delgada e que abastece cerca de 70 000 pessoas, apresenta uma evolução crescente na concentração em fluoretos. As concentrações tendem a atingir os 2,0 mg/L quando o seu valor paramétrico é de 1,5 mg/l. Como entidade gestora de água, os Serviços Municipalizados de Água e Saneamento de Ponta Delgada captam, conferem tratamento adequado, transportam, armazenam e distribuem água ao concelho de Ponta Delgada, fornecendo ainda água em alta aos concelhos de Lagoa e de Ribeira Grande. A água captada é integralmente de origem subterrânea, totalizando 45 captações de nascentes e três furos de captação. Ora, o historial de resultados das análises físico-químicas efectuadas à água distribuída pelos SMAS de Ponta Delgada revela que, ao longo dos anos, tem havido um aumento da concentração em fluoretos em algumas captações, nomeadamente nas nascentes em torno da caldeira do Maciço Vulcânico da Serra de Água de Pau e nas nascentes em torno da caldeira do Maciço Vulcânico das Sete Cidades. De forma a estudar os mecanismos de enriquecimento das águas em fluoreto, optou-se por determinar uma série de parâmetros (pH, temperatura, condutividade, CO2, bicarbonato, fluoreto, sódio, cloreto, sulfato, fosfato, potássio, cálcio, magnésio, nitrato e sílica) que, para além de terem possibilitado a caracterização físico-química das captações, permitiram estudar os processos hidrogeoquímicos que, eventualmente, estiveram na origem da composição química das águas estudadas. Procedeu-se à especiação química para os diferentes elementos estudados, determinando-se as espécies dominantes em solução, e calculou-se os índices de saturação, para diversos minerais, o que permitiu concluir-se que as origens de fluoreto nas águas captadas devem-se, substancialmente, a fenómenos de interacção água-rocha, atendendo que as rochas predominantes nos aquíferos são rochas silicatadas ricas em flúor, como, por exemplo, o basalto, a pedra-pomes e o ignimbrito. Aplicando modelos reaccionais de mistura, modelou-se a evolução da espécie química dominante em flúor para duas origens de água, consoante o gradiente de mistura, cujo objectivo visou a diminuição da probabilidade de incidência da fluorose dentária e da contracção de cárie dentária em zonas de abastecimento predispostas a estas patologias. O modelo encontrado mostrou ser capaz de calcular as fracções de mistura óptimas que permitem, simultaneamente, a diminuição da concentração em fluoreto na água distribuída na zona de abastecimento de Bretanha e Remédios e o aumento da concentração de fluoreto nas zonas de abastecimento de Santa Bárbara e Remédios e de Santo António e Capelas, conseguindo valores compreendidos entre 0,5 e os 1,0 mg/L. | ABSTRACT: Groundwater abstracted for human consumption in the municipality of Ponta Delgada, witch supplies around 70 000 people, has a rising trend in concentration of fluoride. Concentrations tend to reach 2,0 mg/L when the parametric value is 1,5 mg/L. As the management entity of the water supply, the SMAS of Ponta Delgada capture, provide appropriate treatment, transport store and distribute water to the municipality of Ponta Delgada, supplying water also to the municipalities of Lagoa and Ribeira Grande. All the sources are groundwater, totalizing 45 springs and three boreholes. The track record of results of physical and chemical analysis carried out in the water distributed by SMAS Ponta Delgada reveals that, over the years, there has been an increase in fluoride concentration in some sources, particularly in the springs around the caldera of the Massif Volcanic of Serra de Água de Pau and in the springs around the caldera of the Massif Volcanic of Sete Cidades. In order to study the mechanisms of enrichment of fluoride in waters, it was determined a series of parameters (pH, temperature, conductivity, CO2, bicarbonate, fluoride, sodium, chloride, sulfate, phosphate, potassium, calcium, magnesium, nitrate and silica) that, in addition to had allowed the physico-chemical characterization of water sources, it allowed to study the hydrogeochemical processes that eventually led to the chemical composition of waters studied. It was proceeded to the chemical speciation for the different elements studied through the determination of the dominant species in solution, and it was calculated the saturation indices for various minerals, which led to conclude that the origins of fluoride in the groundwater is dued, substantially, to the phenomena of water-rock interaction, given that the predominant rocks in the aquifers are silicate rocks rich in fluoride as, for example, basalt, pumice and ignimbrite. With the use of reactional mixture models, the evolution of the dominant chemical specie for fluoride in two sources of water could be modelled, depending on the mixing gradient, whose goal aimed to reduce the probability of dental fluorosis incidence and of dental caries contraction in supply areas predisposed to these conditions. The achieved model proved to be able to calculate the optimal mixture of fractions that allow both the reduction of fluoride concentration in water distributed in the supply area of Bretanha and Remédios and the increase of fluoride concentration in the supply areas of Santa Barbara and Remédios and Santo Antonio and Capelas, achieving values between 0,5 and 1,0 mg/L.