Uno de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible se refiere a garantizar la disponibilidad de agua y su gestión sostenible, por lo que establece en sus metas aspectos como; lograr el acceso al agua con mejora de su calidad mediante la reducción de sus contaminantes y el uso eficiente de los recursos hídricos. Entre las herramientas actuales que se pueden utilizar para lograr dichas metas la OMS ha desarrollado una metodología para una adecuada gestión de riesgos y con ello prevenir potenciales peligros a los que puedan someterse las fuentes de agua para consumo. Los Planes de seguridad de Agua (PSA) son instrumentos que permiten asegurar la calidad de agua apta para consumo humano desde la fuente hasta los usuarios, mediante la identificación y priorización de los peligros y posibles riesgos basados en la metodología APPCC (Análisis de Peligros y Puntos Críticos de Control) en los sistemas de abastecimiento de agua (Fig. 1). Se elaboró una propuesta de PSA para el acueducto municipal del Cantón de Jiménez (AMJ), que permita la mejora de la gestión municipal del recurso hídrico y garantice el correcto abastecimiento de agua potable a la comunidad. | One of the Sustainable Development Goals refers to guaranteeing the availability of water and its sustainable management, which is why it establishes in its goals aspects such as; achieve access to water with improved quality by reducing its contaminants and the efficient use of water resources. Among the current tools that can be used to achieve these goals, the WHO has developed a methodology for adequate risk management and thereby prevent potential dangers to which drinking water sources may be subjected. The Water Safety Plans (PSA) are instruments that ensure the quality of water suitable for human consumption from the source to the users, through the identification and prioritization of hazards and possible risks based on the HACCP methodology (Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points) in water supply systems (Fig. 1). A PSA proposal was prepared for the municipal aqueduct of the Cantón de Jiménez (AMJ), which allows the improvement of the municipal management of water resources and guarantees the correct supply of drinking water to the community. | Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica | Laboratorio de Hidrología Ambiental. Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas. UNA | Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas

O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o efeito de diferentes densidades de estocagem sobre a sobrevivência e qualidade de água no transporte de pirarucu Arapaima gigas. Para isso, foi conduzido um experimento no delineamento em blocos casualizados, com três tratamentos (80, 120 e 160 kg/m³) e três repetições no tempo (blocos). Sobrevivência, amônia e CO2 foram avaliados antes e após o transporte. Os resultados foram submetidos à ANOVA, seguidas pelo teste de Tukey (5% de probabilidade). A concentração de amônia e CO2 foram iguais em todos os tratamentos no momento antes do transporte (0,29 mgL-1 e 0,22 mgL-1, respectivamente). Após o transporte, ocorreu uma variação significativa nas concentrações de amônia e CO2 entre as densidades, sendo a densidade de 160 kg/m3 a que apresentou maiores concentrações (4,63 mgL-1 e 1,17 mgL-1, respectivamente). Não houve mortalidade nas densidades avaliadas, demonstrando que a capacidade de suporte para o transporte não foi alcançada.

Director de la tesis : Castro, Ariel. -- Tribunal : Locatelli, Andrés; Viega, Luis

This study examined the relative importance of climate change and drinking-water treatment for gastrointestinal illness incidence in children (age <5 years) from period 2046–2065 compared to 1991–2010. The northern Wisconsin (USA) study focused on municipalities distributing untreated groundwater. A time-series analysis first quantified the observed (1991–2010) precipitation and gastrointestinal illness associations after controlling for seasonality and temporal trends. Precipitation likely transported pathogens into drinking-water sources or into leaking water-distribution networks. Building on observed relationships, the second analysis projected how climate change and drinking-water treatment installation may alter gastrointestinal illness incidence. Future precipitation values were modeled by 13 global climate models and three greenhouse-gas emissions levels. The second analysis was rerun using three pathways: (1) only climate change, (2) climate change and the same slow pace of treatment installation observed over 1991–2010, and (3) climate change and the rapid rate of installation observed over 2011–2016. The results illustrate the risks that climate change presents to small rural groundwater municipalities without drinking water treatment. Climate-change-related seasonal precipitation changes will marginally increase the gastrointestinal illness incidence rate (mean: ∼1.5%, range: −3.6–4.3%). A slow pace of treatment installation somewhat decreased precipitation-associated gastrointestinal illness incidence (mean: ∼3.0%, range: 0.2–7.8%) in spite of climate change. The rapid treatment installation rate largely decreases the gastrointestinal illness incidence (mean: ∼82.0%, range: 82.0–83.0%).

La pasantía fue realizada con el objetivo de realizar la formulación de un plan de manejo ambiental en el hotel campestre Agua Blanca, (Ubicado en el municipio de Puente Nacional, Santander), con el fin de identificar y evaluar los impactos ambientales significativos y proponer una serie de medidas en aras de prevenir, controlar, mitigar y/o compensar los impactos ambientales significativos de la prestación del servicio de hospedaje, teniendo en cuenta los lineamientos de la Norma Técnica Sectorial NTS-TS 002. La metodología se compone de tres etapas; la primera contempla la revisión y diagnóstico ambiental inicial; la segunda contempla la identificación y evaluación de impactos ambientales y la tercera contempla la formulación de medida de manejo ambiental y la formulación del plan para la preparación y respuesta ante emergencia. | The internship was carried out with the objective of formulating an environmental management plan at the hotel campestre Agua Blanca, (Located in the municipality of Puente Nacional, Santander), in order to identify and evaluate significant environmental impacts and propose a series of measures in order to prevent, control, mitigate and/or compensate the significant environmental impacts of the provision of lodging services, taking into account the guidelines of the sectoral technical standard NTS-TS 002. The methodology consists of three stages; the first contemplates the initial environmental review and diagnosis; the second contemplates the identification and evaluation of environmental impacts; and the third contemplates the formulation of environmental management measures and the formulation of the plan for emergency preparedness and response. | Hotel campestre Agua Blanca

Cyanobacteria are widely distributed in terrestrial, freshwater and marine environments, and over the past decades have been recognized as a powerful source of bioactive compounds. In this study, some cyanobacterial strains were isolated from samples of seawater, brackish water and tissue of reef benthic invertebrates (zoanthid Protopalythoa variabilis, the sponges Cynachrella sp. and Haliclona sp., the coral Siderastrea stellata, and ascidians), collected at the states of Paraíba and Rio Grande do Norte (Northeast of Brazil), during the period between July 2010 and February 2014. After standard isolation methods, the cultivation of the strains was carried out in acclimatized culture chamber (25 °C) under constant aeration, for 15 days at 12-hour photoperiod, using Conway and BG11 media made with filtered seawater. After ethanolic and methanolic extracts, the strains were analysed for the microcystin production by the ELISA technique and for the antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa by the agar well diffusion method. The detection of the mcyB gene, one of the genes related to the microcystin synthesis, was done by the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) technique. The majority of the eighteen cyanobacterial strains belonged to Synechococcaceae Family. The genera of Synechocystis, Synechococcus and Romeria were represented by ten, six and two strains, respectively. The production of microcystins was observed in five strains belonging to the genus Synechocystis. The presence of mcyB gene was detected in 12 strains of cyanobacteria: Synechocystis (three strains), Synechococcus (six strains) and Romeria (two strains). Only one strain (Synechocystis aquatilis) showed both the microcystin production and the mcyB gene presence. The antibacterial activity was observed for one strain of Romeria gracilis, one strain of Synechocystis aquatilis and two strains of Synechococcus sp. The ethanolic extracts of R. gracilis strain and two Synechococcus spp. strains inhibited the growth of P. aeruginosa. Among methanolic extracts of cyanobacteria, only one strain of S. aquatilis showed activity against S. aureus, and one R. gracilis strain against P. aeruginosa. Some cyanobacterial strains studied were positive for the microcystin production and antibacterial activity against pathogenic bacteria S. aureus and P. aeuruginosa, and may be further explored for additional biotechnological applications. | Las cianobacterias se encuentran ampliamente distribuidas en ecosistemas terrestres, de agua dulce y marinos, y en las últimas décadas han sido reconocidas como una poderosa fuente de compuestos bioactivos. En este estudio, las cepas de cianobacterias fueron aisladas a partir de agua de mar, agua salobre y muestras de tejidos de invertebrados bentónicos de arrecifes (zoanthid Protopalythoa variabilis, las esponjas Cynachrella sp. y Haliclona sp., el coral Siderastrea stellata y ascidias) recogidas en los estados de Paraíba y Rio Grande do Norte, en el noreste de Brasil, en el período comprendido entre julio 2010 y febrero 2014. La mayoría de las dieciocho cepas de cianobacterias pertenecían a la Familia Synechococcaceae. Los géneros: Synechocystis, Synechococcus y Romeria estuvieron representados por diez, seis y dos cepas, respectivamente. Las cepas fueron analizadas para la producción de microcistina por ELISA y para la actividad antibacteriana contra Staphylococcus aureus y Pseudomonas aeruginosa por el método de difusión en agar. La detección del gen mcyB, uno de los genes relacionados con la síntesis de microcistina, se realizó mediante la técnica de reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR). El cultivo de las cepas se realizó en cámara de cultivo aclimatada (25 ° C) bajo aireación constante durante 15 días con un fotoperíodo de 12 horas utilizando los medios Conway y BG11 elaborados con agua de mar filtrada. Se observó la producción de microcistina en cinco cepas pertenecientes al género Synechocystis. La presencia del gen mcyB fue detectada en doce cepas de cianobactérias: Synechocystis (tres cepas), Synechococcus (seis cepas) y Romeria (dos cepas). Sólo una cepa (Synechocystis aquatilis) mostró tanto la producción de microcistina como la presencia del gen mcyB. Se observó la actividad antibacteriana de una cepa de Romeria gracilis, de una cepa de Synechocystis aquatilis y dos cepas de Synechococcus sp. Los extractos etanólicos de las cepas de R. gracilis y Synechococcus sp. inhibieron el crecimiento de P. aeruginosa. Entre los extractos metanólicos de cianobacterias solamente S. aquatilis mostró actividad contra S. aureus y R. gracilis contra P. aeruginosa. Varias cepas de cianobacterias estudiadas en este trabajo fueron positivas para la producción de microcistina y actividad antibacteriana frente a bacterias patógenas de S. aureus y P. aeuruginosa, y pueden ser explotadas para aplicaciones biotecnológicas.

Orientador : Prof. Dr. Júlio Cesar de Carvalho | Coorientador : Prof. Dr. Carlos Ricardo Soccol | Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Tecnologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia de Bioprocessos e Biotecnologia. Defesa: Curitiba, 28/08/2017 | Inclui referências : f.76-85 | Resumo: Como parte da bioprospecção de microalgas com potencial biotecnológico, foram isoladas 31 culturas unialgais, das quais 20 linhagens (consideradas com maior crescimento) foram avaliadas, quanto as características físicas (tamanho, biovolume, eficiência de sedimentação em 4 horas, facilidade de rompimento de 50% das células), químicas (teor lipídico, proteico, carboidratos, carotenoides e cinzas) e parâmetros de crescimento (velocidade especifica de crescimento, produtividade, produção de biomassa). Adicionalmente, para estimular a produção de lipídeos as microalgas foram submetidas a estresse por intensidade luminosa O A (87,5 gmolm s ) , estresse salino (3% NaCl p/v) e limitação de nitrogênio (10% do nitrato presente no cultivo sem estresse). Os resultados mostram que as microalgas isoladas, quando submetidas a condições de aumento de intensidade luminosa e limitação de nitrogênio, alem de apresentar teor lipídico superior a 20%, aumentaram sua velocidade de crescimento. As linhagens MPF02, BPF01, DLMN01, FPA01 e JPF01, apresentaram características promissoras como linhagens lipídicas. Todas as linhagens isoladas apresentaram potencial como microalgas proteicas, porem, a linhagem NPA01 apresentou 63,8% de proteína, seguida por BPF05 e BPF03 como cepas promissoras proteicas. Microalgas alto conteúdo de carboidratos foram JPF01 e MPF01 com 33,6 e 31,0%. As linhagens destacadas por seu conteúdo de carotenoides são FPA01 e JPF01. As condições de estresse por intensidade luminosa e limitação de nitrogênio testadas não representam estresse celular para as linhagens testadas, e sim, uma estimulação para o crescimento. As microalgas FPA01, JPF01, BPF03 apresentaram versatilidade por que apresentaram potencial em vários parâmetros químicos avaliados e os mais altos parâmetros de crescimento. Já o isolado NPA01 foi promissor para a produção de proteínas comparável com cepas comerciais usadas para este fim. Os parâmetros físicos das linhagens permitem direcionar a procura de linhagens de interesse biotecnológico. | Abstract: As a part of the bioprospection of microalgae with biotechnological potential, 31 unialgal cultures were isolated, 20 of which (considered to present the highest growth) were evaluated for physical characteristics (size, biovolume, sedimentation efficiency at 4 hours, pressure for disruption of 50% of the cells), chemical (lipid content, protein, carbohydrates, carotenoids ash) and growth parameters (specific growth rate, productivity, biomass production). In addition, to stimulate lipid oy production, microalgae were subjected to stress by light intensity (87.5 ^molm sA '), saline stress (3% NaCl w/v) and nitrogen limitation (10% of the nitrate used in the stress-free culture). The results show that when subjected to increased light intensity and nitrogen limitation, the isolates presented a lipid content higher tha 20% and increased growth rate. The MPF02, BPF01, DLMN01, FPA01 and JPF01 strains showed promising characteristics as lipidic strains. All isolated strains showed potential as proteic microalgae, however, the strain NPA01 was best with 63.8% protein, followed by BPF05 and BPF03, also promising proteic strains. Microalgae with high carbohydrate contents were JPF01 and MPF01 with 33.6 and 31.0%, respectively. The strains highlighted by their carotenoid content are FPA01 and JPF01. The stress conditions tested - higher light intensity and nitrogen limitation - did not stressed the tested strains, but rather stimulated the growth and production of lipids. The microalgae FPA01, JPF01, BPF03 are versatile because they presented potential in several parameters evaluated and the highest growth rates. The strain NPA01 may be promising for the production of proteins, comparable to commercial strains used for this purpose. The physical parameters of the strains allow to direct the choice of strains of biotechnological interest.

Aplodinotus grunniens supports a sustained artisanal shery in the Usumacinta River; however, there are few studies to understand the population dynamics of the species. Relevant aspects of the reproductive biology were documented over an annual cycle, using 593 specimens captured with seine nets. The results indicate that females had a median TL of 32.05 cm, while males had 29.71 cm. The estimated sex ratio was 1.2:1 (males: females). The length-weight relationship showed signicant dierence between sexes, observing an allometric-type growth represented by TW=0.0013(TL)3.5985 with 89.17 % of the data variability explained by the model. Gonadosomatic index (GSI) in females was higher in September (4.29), with males displaying a higher GSI in October (1.02). The highest HSI increase in females was observed in October (1.0). The estimated relative fecundity was 138.74 (± 74.30) oocytes/g of female weight. The macroscopic analysis of gonads indicates that the highest frequency of mature females occurs in June (75 %), while in males it takes place in March and June (35 %). The estimated L50 for females was 31.89 cm (TL) and 28.78 cm (TL) for males. Though A. grunniens reproduces throughout the year, reproductive peaks coincide with the period when the river level decreases, and shing increases considerably. Hence, preventive measures must be applied in regards to the size of the species at capture and the exploitation volumes of this resource.

Resumen: Los promotores de desarrollo en porcicultura se limitan a aquellos que no dejen residuos potencialmente dañinos para el ser humano. Por lo tanto, la tecnología usa recursos que inhiben el desarrollo microbiano y estimulan el crecimiento, como por ejemplo el orégano. El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar el efecto de diferentes niveles de orégano variedad aetheroleum en el agua de bebida sobre la productividad del lechón. Se utilizaron cerdos (Landrace-York; n = 15) en etapa de desarrollo (peso inicial 25.0±3.0 kg) con la finalidad de evaluar el efecto de dos niveles de adición de Origanum aetheroleum (OA) al agua de bebida (0, 7.5 y 15 mg /L) sobre parámetros zootécnicos y hemáticos. Se estableció un alfa 0.05 para declarar diferencias estadísticas. Con la adición de OA, no se afectó el consumo de agua (P > 0.05), pero mejoró la ganancia de peso (g/día; P < 0.05) y redujo la conversión alimenticia (P < 0.05). Además de incrementar numéricamente la cantidad de hematíes y conteo leucocitario (P > 0.05). Por lo tanto, se puede concluir que el OA en agua de bebida mejora la conversión alimenticia, así como el sistema inmunitario y numero de hematíes. | Abstract: Growth promoter as additives in swine production must not leave hazardous residues. Hence, organic resources that limit microbial growth and stimulate animal development are needed, for instance, Origanum extracts. The goal of the present trial was to assess different addition levels of Origanum var. aetheroleum (OA) in the drinking water on the weaned pig productivity. Recently weaned Landrace-York piglets (n = 15 each; initial body weight 25.0±3.0 kg) were used to evaluate the effect of two additional levels of OA (0, 7.5, and 15 mg /L) in the drinking water on production parameters, and white and red blood cells. An alpha of 0.05 was established to declare statistical difference among levels. The OA addition had no effect on water intake (P > 0.05), but improved weight gain (g/day; P < 0.05) and with lowered the feed conversion ratio (P < 0.05). Also, the different levels of OA increased numerically the amount of red and white blood cells (P > 0.05). Therefore, it can be concluded that adding OA to the drinking water improved performance and immunological response.