Versión en inglés disponible en la Biblioteca Digital del IDRC: Thirsty cities : urban environments and water supply in Latin America | Versión en francés disponible en la Biblioteca Digital del IDRC: Villes assoiffées : l'approvisionnement en eau dans les villes d'Amérique latine

Se analizó la variación de las condiciones hidrográficas en la columna de agua en relación al ciclo de mareas en Puerto Cuatreros. Durante el periodo comprendido entre diciembre de 2004 y diciembre de 2005 se midieron perfil les verticales de temperatura y salinidad y se obtuvieron muestras de agua en dos profundidades para determinar la concentración de sedimentos en suspensi6n. Los parámetros meteorológicos y la marea se obtuvieron en forma continua. La temperatura del agua presento un suave gradiente vertical en bajamar, en tanto que en pleamar el sistema se homogeneizó producto de la mezcla turbulenta de la marea. La temperatura superficial del agua presento una variación a 10 largo del ciclo de marea can mayor amplitud en los meses cálidos. La salinidad presentó un notorio gradiente vertical en bajamar. En creciente y pleamar la salinidad fue similar a la de la plataforma continental interior, mientras que en bajante y bajamar disminuyó por influencia de la descarga de agua dulce de arroyos próximos a la zona. En meses con altas precipitaciones la salinidad decreció significativamente y en días con altas temperaturas aumentó por el efecto de la evaporaci6n. Las mayores concentraciones de sedimento en suspensión se registraron con precipitaciones máximas y en marea bajante. Si bien la marea es el principal agente que influye sobre las características de la columna de agua, el factor meteorológico contribuye a generar variabilidad sobre las características hidrográficas en Puerto Cuatreros. | The variation of the bydrogrlphic con ditions in the water column in relation to the tidal cycle in Cuatreros Port was analyzed. Vertical profiles of temperature and salinit y were measured belween December 2004 and December 2005. Water samples were also obtained to de termine the suspended sediment concentration. Meteorological parameters and tides were registered continuously. Water temperature showed a smooth vecrtical gradient during low tide, while in high tide the system became homogenous as a consequence of tidal mixing. The surface water temperature showed a variation throug hout the tidal cycle with the greatest amplitude in the warm months. The salinitys howed a significant vertical gradient in low tide. During flood and high tide salinity was similar to the typical values of the inner continental shelf, while in ebb and low tide it diminished because of the influence of freshwater discharges of near by streams. In months with high precipitations, salinity decreased significantly and in days with high temperatures it increased by effect of evapomtion. The highest concentrations of suspended sediment were registered with maximum precipitations and during ebb tide. Although the tide is the main agent that influences the characteristics of the water column, the meteorological factor contributes to generate variability on the hydrographic conditions in Cuatreros PorI. | Fil: Menendez, Maria Clara. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Bahía Blanca. Instituto Argentino de Oceanografía. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Instituto Argentino de Oceanografía; Argentina | Fil: Vitale, Alejandro José. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Bahía Blanca. Instituto Argentino de Oceanografía. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Instituto Argentino de Oceanografía; Argentina | Fil: Piccolo, Maria Cintia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Bahía Blanca. Instituto Argentino de Oceanografía. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Instituto Argentino de Oceanografía; Argentina | Fil: Hoffmeyer, Monica Susana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Bahía Blanca. Instituto Argentino de Oceanografía. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Instituto Argentino de Oceanografía; Argentina

O desenvolvimento sustentável do uso da água na região do Submédio São Francisco é um processo em construção.

The present work had for objective to develop a simple process, with low cost and enough precise for its use in irrigation systems. The measurer consists of a secondary canalization provided with a hydrometer of low outflow installed in parallel with a singularity capable to provoke a pressure difference enters the extreme points of the device. The distinguishing pressure induces to the partial draining of the water through the secondary canalization being measured for the hydrometer. The work was developed in the Irrigation, Hydraulical and Draining laboratory of the Department of Agricultural Engineering of the Federal University of Santa Maria and in a system of water main for a central pivot installed in the Mayã Farm, in the city of São Sepé - RS. The work consists in the evaluation of a proportional measurer of volume (or outflow) and of the posterior application for the estimate of the volume of water fed for the system of bombardment to an expository of a system of irrigation of the type central pivot. The proportional measurer presents easiness about the construction and installation in the field. The results allowed concluding that the proportional measurer was capable to estimate the outflow of the central pivot irrigation system. The proportional measurer can be installed and operated in a simple way, and its components are of easy acquisition and low cost and maintenance. Such characteristics assume great importance in the current days becoming viable the implantation of systems of measurement in all the existing systems of irrigation in the agricultural way. | Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior | O presente trabalho teve por objetivo desenvolver um processo simples, de baixo custo e suficientemente preciso para a sua utilização em sistemas de irrigação. O medidor consiste de uma canalização secundária provida de um hidrômetro de baixa vazão instalada em paralelo com uma singularidade capaz de provocar uma diferença de pressão entre os pontos extremos do dispositivo. A pressão diferencial induz ao escoamento parcial da água através da canalização secundária sendo medida pelo hidrômetro. O trabalho foi desenvolvido no laboratório de Hidráulica, Irrigação e Drenagem do Departamento de Engenharia Rural da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria e em um sistema de bombeamento para adução de água para um pivô central na instalado na Fazenda Mayã, município de São Sepé RS. O trabalho consta da avaliação de um medidor de volume (ou de vazão) proporcional e da posterior aplicação para a estimativa do volume de água alimentado pelo sistema de bombeamento a uma adutora de um sistema de irrigação do tipo pivô central. O medidor proporcional apresenta facilidade quanto à sua construção e instalação no campo. Os resultados obtidos permitiram concluir que o medidor proporcional foi capaz de estimar com precisão a vazão da adutora de alimentação de um sistema de irrigação do tipo pivô central. O medidor proporcional pode ser instalado e operado de modo simples, sendo que seus componentes são de fácil aquisição e de baixo custo e manutenção. Tais características assumem grande importância nos dias atuais contribuindo para a implantação de sistemas de medição em todos os sistemas de irrigação existentes no meio rural.

We determined the earliest stage of postembryonic development at which primary and secondary sexual differentiations occur in the freshwater (“red claw”) crayfish Cherax quadricarinatus. .For this purpose, 797 males, 506 females and 456 intersex specimens within a weight range of 0.02-89.96 g were observed under stereoscopic microscope to determine the presence of the genital openings at the basis of the third (females) or fifth (males) pair of pereiopods. Animals presenting both pairs of genital openings were considered as intersex. A subsample of 106 males, 69 females and 59 intersex were dissected for the macroscopic characterization of gonad morphology. The development of the genital openings began approximately at 0.10 g, simultaneously with the differentiation of the reproductive system in females, males and intersex. Although the differentiation of the reproductive system started very early in the postembryonic development, the definitive form and colour of ovaries, oviducts, testes and vasa deferentia was acquired later. The differentiation of the appendix masculinabegan at 0.12-0.2 g and acquired the elongated shape of the adult at 1-2 g. The soft red patch characteristic of adult males started at 2.3 g of body weight in both chelipeds. | Determinamos el momento del desarrollo postembrionario en que se produce la diferenciación sexual primaria en la langosta Cherax quadricarinatus. Esta es evidenciada por la presencia de las gónadas y sus respectivos conductos. También determinamos la diferenciación sexual definida por la aparición de los caracteres sexuales secundarios. Se observaron 797 machos, 506 hembras y 456 individuos intersexos de 0.02 a 89.96 g (de criadero y laboratorio). Disecamos una submuestra de 106 machos, 69 hembras y 59 individuos intersexos para la caracterización macroscópica de la estructura gonadal. La diferenciación de los gonoporos se inicia aproximadamente a los 0.10 g, en sincronía con la diferenciación del sistema reproductor en machos, hembras e intersexos. La adquisición de la forma definitiva de ovario, oviducto, testículo y vaso deferente son posteriores. El appendix masculina inicia su diferenciación a los 0.12-0.2 g y adquiere los rasgos característicos del appendix de los adultos a partir de 1-2 g. La diferenciación de la mancha roja (red patch) ocurre a partir de los 2,3 g.

In El Salvador, the project for mixing races (mestizaje) which was driven since the end of the 19th Century and was concentrated on a policy that sought to exterminate indigenous people, physically as well as culturally, had its culminating point with the massacre of the rebel indigenous population in 1932. However, in order to sustain and legitimize the process of mixing races, the State built some bridges that provided limited spaces, but which were taken advantage of by indigenous people, to reproduce their culture. Such was the case of Izalco, in the southwestern region of the country. This population had a history of autonomy thanks to its fertile irrigation lands; the Liberal Reform at the end of the 19th Century took the lands away from them, but not their consuetudinary water rights, so that water continued to be the basis of their organization and culture. But the indigenous groups lost these rights to water in the years after the rebellion, and although they continued reproducing their culture, it had lost unity and above all its organizational capacity, so that with the advance of modernity the organization tended to be drastically weakened. Currently, among the indigenous groups of Izalco, there have been efforts to recuperate their identity and historical memory, but they are not clear as to what it means to be indigenous, they seek for answers in culture, but even if it is true that historically this legacy is found in culture, it is more firmly rooted in politics, which is why, in order to reinterpret their legacy and respond to their questions about identity, they would have to negotiate a new political relationship with the State. | En El Salvador el proyecto de mestizaje que se impulsó desde finales del siglo XIX se concentró en una política que buscaba el exterminio indígena, tanto físico como cultural, tuvo su punto álgido con la matanza de la población indígena insurrecta en 1932. Sin embargo, para sustentar y legitimar el mestizaje, el estado tendió algunos puentes que brindaron espacios limitados, pero que fueron aprovechados por los indígenas para la reproducción de su cultura. Este fue el caso de Izalco en el suoroccidente del país. Esta población contaba con una historia de autonomía gracias a sus fértiles tierras de irrigación; la reforma liberal de fines del siglo XIX les arrebató las tierras, pero no los derechos consuetudinarios del agua, de manera que el agua continuó siendo la base de su organización y su cultura. Pero los indígenas perdieron estos derechos de agua en los años posteriores a la insurrección, y aunque continuaron reproduciendo su cultura, ésta había perdido unidad y sobre todo la capacidad organizativa, de manera que con el avance de la modernidad la organización tendió a debilitarse en forma drástica. En la actualidad entre los indígenas de Izalco se han dado esfuerzos por recuperar su identidad y la memoria histórica, pero no tienen claro qué es ser indígena, buscan la respuesta en la cultura, pero si bien es cierto que históricamente este legado se encuentra en la cultura, se encuentra mucho más arraigado en la política, por lo que para reinterpretar su legado y responder a sus interrogantes sobre su identidad tendrían que negociar una nueva relación política con el Estado.

This work presents an alternative method for determination of the herbicides tebuthiuron and hexazinone in ground water. The extraction was made with dichloromethane and the analyses by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), using reversed-phase column, C-18, mobile phase methanol/water 50:50, v/v, detection and quantification at 247 nm. The following validation parameters were obtained: limit of detection of method 0.02 and 0.03 ug L-1, limit of quantification of method 0.07 and 0.09 ?g L-1; linear range limit of quantification of instrument - 300 ug L-1 (r2 ? 0.998); recoveries from 90.3 to 108.2% and 90.3 to 101.6%; intermediary precision (%RSD) < 8 and < 6%, for hexazinone and tebuthiuron, respectively. The method showed to be efficient and reliable for determination of the herbicides in ground water.