Matéria orgânica natural (MON) é uma complexa matriz de compostos orgânicos originados de fontes naturais que estão presentes nas bacias hidrográficas e dentro dos corpos hídricos. MON é comprovado precursor de subprodutos da desinfecção (SPD), além de afetar processos de tratamento de água tais como coagulação, desinfecção, oxidação, adsorção em carvão ativado e filtração em membranas. Por estas razões, a redução da MON no tratamento de água para consumo humano é importante. Muitos métodos têm sido utilizados para caracterizar e quantificar a MON. Entre os métodos usados se encontram a adsorção em resinas e parâmetros de massa. Carbono orgânico total (COT), carbono orgânico dissolvido (COD), absorção à luz ultravioleta (UV254) e absorbância específica de luz ultravioleta (AEUV) são usualmente utilizados como parâmetros de massa. O fracionamento rápido é uma técnica que usa diferentes resinas para separar frações da MON. Nesse contexto, este trabalho teve como objetivo geral caracterizar a matéria orgânica dissolvida usando o método do fracionamento rápido e os parâmetros COD, UV254 e AEUV em processos de tratamento de água para consumo humano. Também foram analisados turbidez, cor, pH e alcalinidade. Foram avaliados os efeitos dos processos de coagulação, sedimentação, filtração em filtro de areia e adsorção em carvão ativado granular (CAG) nas frações que formam a MON. As amostras de água foram coletadas em estação de tratamento de água da cidade de Porto Alegre, RS. Os valores de turbidez, cor, pH, alcalinidade, UV254 e COD reduziram-se ao longo dos processos de tratamento, enquanto que a AEUV aumentou na sequência dos processos. Os valores de absorção de UV254 decresceram à medida que as amostras passavam através das distintas resinas do fracionamento rápido (DAX-8, XAD-4 e IRA-958). Estas frações tiveram reduções importantes em todas as amostras. Os AMH decresceram de 2,29 mg/L COD na água bruta para 0,25 mg/L COD no efluente da coluna de carvão ativado, enquanto que os ALH reduziram de 1,29 mg/L na água bruta para 0,22 mg/L no efluente do filtro de CAG. As concentrações observadas de matérias hidrofílicas carregadas (MHC) (ex., proteínas) e hidrofílicas neutras (MHN) (ex., carboidratos) foram próximas a zero em todas as amostras. Foi possível concluir que os processos de tratamento afetam a distribuição de frações da MON presente na água. | Natural organic matter (NOM) is a complex matrix of organic compounds originated from natural sources that are present in the watershed and in within water bodies. NOM is a known precursor of disinfection byproducts (DBP) and affects drinking water treatment processes such as coagulation, disinfection, oxidation, carbon adsorption and membrane filtration. For these reasons, the reduction of NOM in water treatment is important. Many methods have been used to characterize and quantify NOM, among them, the resin adsorption and the mass parameters methods. The latter include total organic carbon (TOC), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), ultraviolet absorption at 254 nm (UV254), and specific UV absorption (SUVA). Rapid fractionation is one of the resin adsorption methods. This study has as objective the characterization of dissolved organic matter using rapid fractionation and the parameters DOC, UV254 and SUVA in drinking water treatment processes. Turbidity, color, pH and alkalinity were also analyzed. It was evaluated the effect of coagulation, sedimentation, filtration in sand filter and granular activated carbon (GAC) adsorption in the fractions that form NOM. Samples were collected in a drinking water treatment plant in the city of Porto Alegre, RS. Values of turbidity, color, pH, alkalinity, UV254 and DOC decreased along treatment, while values of SUVA increased. UV254 reduced as the samples passed through the distinct resins used for rapid fractionation (DAX-8, XAD-4 e IRA-958). The main fraction of DOC in samples was very hydrophobic acids (VHA) (as humic acids) followed by slightly hydrophobic acids (SHA) (as fulvic acids). These fractions had major reductions as the samples run through the resins. VHA decreased from 2,29 mg/L COD in raw water to 0,25 mg/L COD in activated carbon column effluent, while SHA decreased from 1,29 mg/L in raw water to 0,22 mg/L in GAC filter effluent. Charged hydrophilic matters (CHA) (as proteins) and hydrophilic neutral (NEU) (as carbohydrates) were observed at concentrations next to zero in most samples. It was possible to conclude that drinking water treatment processes affect the fraction distribution of NOM in water.

RESUMEN El centro poblado de Pata Pata, ubicado en el distrito de Pariamarca, no contó con abastecimiento de agua potable continua, por lo que recurren al uso de agua subterránea para su consumo y otras actividades. No obstante, no consideran los posibles factores de contaminación que pueden llegar a afectar su calidad. El presente proyecto tuvo como objetivo principal evaluar la calidad fisicoquímica y microbiológica del agua subterránea obtenida de 3 puntos de muestreo seleccionados por conveniencia y determinar si estas eran aceptables o no para el consumo humano en el centro poblado, para ello se comparó los resultados fisicoquímicos y microbiológicos con los límites máximos permisibles establecidos en el reglamento de la calidad del agua aprobado en el D.S. Nº 031-2010-SA y con los estándares de calidad ambiental categoría A1 aprobados por el D.S. Nº 004-2017-MINAM. Finalmente se concluyó que el agua de los tres puntos de muestreo no son aceptables para el consumo humano porque hubo presencia excesiva de coliformes tanto totales como termotolerantes, por lo que debe pasar por un proceso de tratamiento. Con respecto a los otros parámetros fisicoquímicos todos se encontraron dentro de los límites a excepción de la turbiedad, que se excedió en el punto AS-03 en el mes de febrero; el oxígeno disuelto, sulfatos, que se excedieron en el punto AS-02 en el mes de junio y nitritos que se excedieron en el punto AS-02 en el mes abril. | ABSTRACT In the Pata Pata town center, located in the district of Pariamarca there is no continuous drinking water supply, so they resort to the use of groundwater for their consumption and other activities. However, they do not consider the possible contamination factors that may affect their. The main objective of this project was to evaluate the physicochemical and microbiological quality of the groundwater obtained from 3 sampling points selected for convenience and to determine if these were acceptable or not for human consumption in the populated center, for this the physicochemical and microbiological parameters were compared with the maximum permissible limits established in the regulation of water quality approved in D.S. Nº 031-2010-SA and with the environmental quality standards subcategory A1 approved by D.S. Nº 004-2017-MINAM. Finally, it was concluded that the water of the three sampling points were not acceptable for human consumption because there is an excessive presence of both total and thermotolerant coliforms, so it must go through a treatment process. With respect to the other physicochemical parameters, all are within the limits except for turbidity, which is exceeded in point AS-03 in the month of February; dissolved oxygen, sulfates, which are exceeded at the AS-02 point in the month of June and nitrites that exceed the AS-02 point in the month of April.

Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina. Facultad de Ingeniería Agrícola. Departamento Académico de Recursos Hídricos | Este trabajo de investigación tiene como objetivo determinar el nivel de tolerancia máxima a la salinidad en el agua de riego del cultivo de espinaca, sin que se vea afectado su rendimiento y su calidad. Para determinar este nivel de salinidad, se realizaron pruebas físicas (peso fresco, peso seco, tamaño de la planta y raíces); así mismo, pruebas químicas para medir la concentración de elementos foliares, salinidad del suelo y agua. La fase experimental en campo fue de 70 días, ciclo de crecimiento de la planta. Las semillas fueron germinadas en almacigueras, para luego realizar el trasplante a macetas con suelo arenoso. Se aplicaron 12 tratamientos a las plantas con agua de diferente nivel de salinidad, de acuerdo a las necesidades hídricas del cultivo: 0,76 (T1); 1,3 (T2), 2,2 (T3); 3,5 (T4); 4,6 (T5); 5,7 (T6); 7,1 (T7); 8,5 (T8); 10 (T9); 12 (T10); 15 (T11) y 20 (T12) dS.m-1. Para cada tratamiento se realizaron tres repeticiones, utilizando en total 36 macetas. Terminado el periodo experimental, los resultados de las pruebas determinaron que las plantas con mayor crecimiento (peso fresco y altura) fueron las que se regaron con el tratamiento T1 (0,76 dS.m-1), mientras se observó que en los tratamientos con mayor nivel de salinidad el rendimiento fue disminuyendo. En cuanto a la absorción de elementos, el potasio, el calcio, el magnesio y los sulfatos muestran una mayor concentración en el tratamiento T3 (2,2 dS.m-1). La concentración de cloro y sodio aumentan a medida que se incrementa la salinidad del agua de riego. El cultivo no presentó daños significativos por ningún tratamiento, solo se observó una disminución de su rendimiento causado por el aumento de los niveles de salinidad. | This research work aims to determine the level of maximum tolerance to salinity in the irrigation water of the spinach crop, without affecting its yield and quality. To determine this level of salinity, physical tests were performed (fresh weight, dry weight, size of the plant and roots); likewise, chemical tests to measure the concentration of foliar elements, soil salinity and water. The experimental phase in the field was 70 days, the plant growth cycle. The seeds were germinated in storehouses, and then transplanted into pots with sandy soil. 12 treatments were applied to the plants with water of different salinity levels, according to the water needs of the crop: 0.76 (T1); 1.3 (T2), 2.2 (T3); 3.5 (T4); 4.6 (T5); 5.7 (T6); 7.1 (T7); 8.5 (T8); 10 (T9); 12 (T10); 15 (T11) and 20 (T12) dS.m-1. For each treatment three repetitions were made, using a total of 36 pots. After the experimental period, the results of the tests determined that the plants with the highest growth (fresh weight and height) were those that were irrigated with the T1 treatment (0.76 dS.m-1), while it was observed that in the treatments with a higher level of salinity, the yield decreased. As for the absorption of elements, potassium, calcium, magnesium and sulfates show a higher concentration in the T3 treatment (2.2 dS.m-1). The concentration of chlorine and sodium increase as the concentration increases salinity of irrigation water. The crop did not show significant damage by any treatment, only a decrease in its yield caused by the increase in salinity levels was observed. | Tesis

Il. Dat. num. | Palmira (Colombia) : CIAT, 1995. | Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical, Palmira (Colombia) | p. 71-83 | 63139 | Memorias Simposio Internacional de Estadística en Agricultua y Medio Ambiente, Palmira (Colombia), 7-9 Jun. 1995. Simposio internacional de estadística en agricultura y medio ambiente : memorias, conferencia satélite.

Proyecto de graduación para optar por el grado de Licenciatura de Gestión Ambiental con énfasis en Tecnologías Limpias. | Uno de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible establecidos por la ONU (2015), se refiere a garantizar la disponibilidad de agua y su gestión sostenible, por lo que establece en sus metas lograr el acceso al agua con mejora de su calidad mediante la reducción de sus contaminantes y uso eficiente de los recursos hídricos. El proyecto consiste en la propuesta de un plan de seguridad del agua (PSA) definido como un instrumento que permite asegurar la calidad e inocuidad del agua de manera que sea apta para consumo humano, esto mediante la identificación y priorización de peligros y eventuales riesgos en los sistemas de abastecimiento y todos sus componentes (OPS, 2006). Se procedió a aplicar la metodología recomendada por la OMS en su Manual para la Elaboración de Planes de Seguridad del Agua tropicalizando ésta a nuestra realidad como país y como acueducto rural con la metodología APPCC (Análisis de Peligros y Puntos Críticos de Control) la cual define etapas fundamentales en la identificación de riesgos las cuales el manual no contempla. Se procedió a realizar un diagnóstico de todo el sistema de abastecimiento de agua para así poder identificar los principales riesgos y elaborar un plan operacional que permita mitigar de forma asertiva su impacto en la calidad del agua y sobre todo en la salud de las personas ya que se brindan aproximadamente 1377 servicios. Se identificaron los peligros físicos, químicos y biológicos y se priorizaron los riesgos, además de proponer las medidas de control y su respectivo seguimiento tanto a nivel de cuenca, captación, tratamiento, distribución y consumidor. Se encontraron 44 riesgos para Juan Viñas y 50 para La Victoria categorizados desde riesgo bajo hasta alto. | One of the Sustainable Development Goals established by the UN (2015) refers to guaranteeing the availability of water and its sustainable management, for which it establishes in its goals to achieve access to water with improvement of its quality by reducing its pollutants and efficient use of water resources. The project consists of the proposal of a water safety plan (PSA) defined as an instrument that ensures the quality and safety of water so that it is suitable for human consumption, this by identifying and prioritizing hazards and eventual risks in supply systems and all their components (OPS, 2006). We proceeded to apply the methodology recommended by the WHO in its Manual for the Preparation of Water Safety Plans, tropicalizing it to our reality as a country and as a rural aqueduct with the HACCP methodology (Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points) which defines fundamental stages in the identification of risks which the manual does not contemplate. A diagnosis of the entire water supply system was carried out in order to identify the main risks and develop an operational plan that allows assertively mitigating their impact on water quality and especially on people's health since approximately 1,377 services are provided. Physical, chemical and biological hazards were identified and risks were prioritized, in addition to proposing control measures and their respective monitoring both at the basin, catchment, treatment, distribution and consumer level. 44 risks were found for Juan Viñas and 50 for La Victoria, categorized from low to high risk. | Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica | Escuela de Ciencias Ambientales

Dissertação (Mestrado em Biologia Vegetal) - Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS. Orientador: Valdemir Antônio Laura. Parte do CD 122. | Diante da intensa expansão do setor florestal brasileiro, alternativas que busquem a otimização da utilização dos recursos hídricos pelas espécies florestais são desejáveis, seja através do melhoramento genético, seja através da seleção de espécies mais adaptadas as condições climáticas predominantes. Esse trabalho teve como objetivos avaliar o crescimento, a alocação de biomassa e a eficiência de uso de água por mudas de quatro espécies florestais (Eucalyptus urograndis, Toona ciliata, Calophyllum brasiliense e Tabebuia impetiginosa) cultivadas em vasos mantidos em casa-de-vegetação localizada na Embrapa Gado de Corte (Campo Grande, MS) Em relação ao eucalipto em especial, buscou-se elucidar as dúvidas quanto à utilização de água da espécie em relação às espécies nativas avaliadas. Mudas com aproximadamente 120 dias em tubetes com substrato orgânico foram avaliadas durante 120 dias após o transplante. C. brasiliense, T. impetiginosa e E. urograndis apresentaram os melhores desempenhos nos parâmetros avaliados. As duas primeiras espécies surgem como alternativas promissoras nos florestamentos com espécies nativas, porém sendo necessários mais estudos. Já E. urograndis confirmou o bom desempenho relatado em outros trabalhos. Contudo, todas as espécies não diferiram estatisticamente quanto à taxa de crescimento relativo, sendo que esta variável se mostrou fortemente relacionada à taxa de assimilação líquida. Com relação à eficiência de uso de água, T. ciliata foi a espécie mais eficiente, seguida por T. impetiginosa, C. brasiliense e E. urograndis respectivamente, estas últimas não diferindo estatisticamente, o que descaracteriza um maior consumo de água da espécie de eucalipto estudada no período avaliado. A alta eficiência de uso de água apresentada por T. ciliata faz da espécie promissora para regiões de baixa disponibilidade hídrica. Contudo, quanto maior o incremento de biomassa, menor a eficiência de uso de água.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar combinações de substratos e níveis de disponibilidade de água no estabelecimento ex vitro de plantas micropropagadas de palma forrageira.

El objetivo de este trabajo fue estudiar el efecto que la aplicación de disoluciones acuosas de ozono en cepas de la variedad Cabernet Sauvignon tiene sobre la calidad de la uva y del vino. Para ello, se usaron dos estrategias de aplicación en las que la disolución de ozono fue generada y formulada en el propio viñedo y se aplicó a lo largo de diferentes estados fenológicos de la vid mediante el sistema de riego por goteo, o combinándolo con aplicaciones a la parte aérea de la cepa (con y sin hojas). Los tratamientos afectaron a la calidad de las uvas y de los vinos de manera diferente según la estrategia de aplicación, pero ninguno de ellos influyó en el proceso de fermentación alcohólica ni maloláctica.

Tesis (Doctorado en Ciencias Naturales para el Desarrollo con énfasis en Gestión de Recursos Naturales). Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica. Universidad Nacional Costa Rica. Universidad Estatal a Distancia, Doctorado en Ciencias Naturales para el Desarrollo, 2018. | Water resources management in the tropics is challenged by climate variability and unregulated land use change and their impacts on the complex interactions between vegetation, soil, and atmosphere. Costa Rica, for example, is a nation with a vast wealth of water resources. The country, however, has recently faced water conflicts due to social, economic, legal, and political impediments in response to limited water availability during El Niño events and inefficient use of its water resources. In addition, tropical fragile biomes, such as the Páramo, have been understudied ecosystems for which it is crucial to identify moisture transport pathways influencing rainfall generation processes. This thesis consists of three parts. The first part focuses on the analysis of hydro-climatic and ecohydrological conditions across six major biomes in Costa Rica. Using the Budyko and the Tomer-Schilling frameworks, reanalysis data points located in the Caribbean and Pacific domains were classified according to their ecohydrological resistance and resilience between 1989 and 2005. Observed data were used to evaluate the reanalysis products. Resistance was defined as the standard deviation in the water excess (Q/P or runoff vs. precipitation), and resilience was defined as the standard deviation of the energy (AET/ PET or actual evapotranspiration vs. potential evapotranspiration) of the water excess. A strong orographic separation was obtained between the water-limited Pacific slope and the energy-limited Caribbean slope. The Caribbean slope is characterized by low resistance and high resilience to changes in the hydro-climatic conditions, with small relative changes in water excess, whereas the Northern Pacific slope has high resistance and low resilience and shows strong changes in water excess. Some areas of the Northern Pacific region covered by lower and pre-montane forests have recently suffered significant increments in the dryness index (PET/P). The second part presents a spatial distribution and temporal analysis of water conflicts in Costa Rica from 2005 to 2015. In total, 719 water conflicts were analyzed of which 54% were among private individuals and government. The largest urban areas and the Grande de Tárcoles basin were identified as the main ‘hot spot’ for the conflicts. Water conflicts were mainly caused by spills of wastewater, water pollution, water shortage, infrastructure damage, and flooding, and can be predicted using a multiple linear model x including the municipal population and the number of hydro-meteorological events (r2=0.77). The identified hydro-meteorological events also coevolved significantly with the changes in precipitation regimes (r=0.67, p=0.021). The findings suggest that there is a need to recognize that water infrastructure longevity across the country concatenates and amplifies water conflicts, mainly in the most populated area located in the Central Valley. Finally, the third part presents a stable isotope analysis of precipitation and moisture sources using rainfall samples collected on a daily to weekly basis between January 2015 and May 2016 at two Páramo sites: Chirripó (Costa Rica; 3,400 m a.s.l.) and Cajas (southern Ecuador; 3,900 m a.s.l.). Isotopic composition (i.e., δ18O and deuterium excess) was used to identify how rainfall generation influences the seasonal variations at each study site. Air mass back trajectory analysis was used to identify preferential moisture transport pathways. Our results demonstrated the strong influence of the northeast trade winds from the Caribbean Sea at Chirripó and the preferential influence of the Amazon Forest at Cajas. Mean δ18O and deuterium excess altitudinal relationships for local precipitation are consistent with increased condensation rates of atmospheric vapor with elevation. Finally, the hydrological conditions of the glacial lakes located in the highlands of Chirripó, Costa Rica, were assessed using a unique data set of water stable isotopes collected between September 2015 and July 2017. Stable isotope records (δ18O, deuterium excess and line-conditioned excess) of local precipitation, streams, and glacial lakes were compared and used to estimate evaporative losses of lakes using the linear resistance model and the experimental-estimated local evaporation line (LEL) of Chirripó. The isotope signals revealed non-seasonal evaporative conditions for the glacial lakes and evaporation to inflow (E/I) ratios below 10%. Overall, national and regional strategies are needed to effectively optimize water use efficiency and water storage and to include a climate vulnerability component in future water management plans. These truly integrated water resources management plans should include, for example, water conflicts as indicators of hydro-climatic changing conditions and water supply and sanitation infrastructure status, and could incorporate recently-developed techniques based on the analysis of stable isotopes in precipitation and surface water as indicators of climate variability.

Los procedimientos metodológicos y las técnicas de evaluación empleadas en este proyecto se basaron en el programa regional “Centro Panamericano de Ingeniería Sanitaria y Ciencias del Ambiente” (CEPIS), enfocadas en el mejoramiento de la calidad de agua para el consumo humano. Por lo anterior se tiene como objetivo principal “Realizar un diagnóstico del sistema operativo de la PTAP Guacavia en el municipio de Cumaral, departamento del meta” emitiendo un concepto del estado en que está brindando el servicio la planta potabilizadora. Determinando que procesos unitarios posiblemente presenten falencias y así poder proponer las alternativas de mejoramiento, generando mayor calidad de vida a la población, debido a los resultados de riesgo de la calidad del agua para consumo humano (IRCA) en el que se encuentra la población del casco urbano de Cumaral y por otra parte las quejas presentadas a la secretaria de salud de dicho lugar por los habitantes. De acuerdo a lo anterior se hace evidente que la PTAP presenta problemas para brindar el servicio a la población y posiblemente no está cumpliendo con los estándares de calidad establecidos en la normatividad colombiana. Por lo tanto, se evalúa todo el tren de procesos para tratar el agua, permitiendo realizar un contraste con la normatividad vigente y así dar a conocer que procesos están afectando toda la operación de potabilización del recurso hídrico. Como resultado se establecen las posibles causas por la cual, la PTAP está presentando la problemática anteriormente mencionada, siendo la base para proponer las alternativas de mejoramiento y así cumplir con los estándares de calidad establecidos en el decreto 1575/2007 y la resolución 2115/2007 en la normatividad colombiana, mejorando la calidad del agua para los habitantes de Cumaral. | The methodological procedures and evaluation techniques used in this project were based on the regional program "PAN AMERICAN CENTER FOR SANITARY ENGINEERING AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES" (CEPIS), focused on improving the quality of water for human consumption. Therefore, the main objective is to "Make a diagnosis of the PTAP Guacavia operating system in the municipality of Cumaral, department of the target" by issuing a concept of the state in which the PTAP is providing the service. Determining that unitary processes possibly present shortcomings and thus be able to propose alternatives for improvement, generating greater quality of life for the population, due to the results of risk of the quality of water for human consumption (IRCA) in which the population of the urban helmet of Cumaral and on the other hand the complaints presented to the secretary of health of said place by the inhabitants. According to the above it is evident that the PTAP presents problems to provide the service to the population and is possibly not complying with the quality standards established in the Colombian regulations. Therefore, the entire process train is evaluated to treat the water, allowing a contrast with the current regulations and thus letting know what processes are affecting the entire water purification operation of the water resource. As a result, the possible causes for which the PTAP is presenting the aforementioned problems are established, being the basis for proposing alternatives for improvement and thus meet the quality standards established in decree 1575/2007 and resolution 2115/2007 in the Colombian normativity, improving the water quality for the inhabitants of Cumaral. | Ingeniero Ambiental | http://www.ustavillavicencio.edu.co/home/index.php/unidades/extension-y-proyeccion/investigacion | Pregrado