Latex diagnosis is widely adopted in natural rubber-producing countries to optimize the natural rubber production through a physiological-based latex-harvesting system management. This study is the first bibliographical searching and meta-analysis on the variation of latex physiological parameters i.e. sucrose, inorganic phosphorus, thiols, and total solid content. The study used information extracted from 158 scientific papers. Descriptive statistics, agglomerative hierarchical clustering, and principal component analysis were performed to characterize applications of latex diagnosis, how often parameters are used and interpreted as well as the variation of its parameter values. From 158 papers, latex diagnosis parameters were used in 114 agronomy, 22 in physiology, and 22 in breeding papers. The agglomerative hierarchical clustering analysis indicated that sucrose and inorganic phosphorus contents were clustered together and total solid and thiols contents were located in another cluster. The average values of the total solid content, sucrose, inorganic phosphorus and thiols were 43.9%, 9.4 mM, 16.5 mM, and 0.52 mM, respectively. The percentage of interpretation is 63.3% for sucrose, 54.4% for inorganic phosphorus, 47.5% for thiols, and 41.1% for the total solid content. The low interpretation of thiols and total solid contents question their relevance in latex diagnosis. The low adoption of latex diagnosis in breeding could hinder the selection of activities leads to a limitation of selection for long-term high yielding and stress-adapted clones.

International audience | Latex diagnosis is widely adopted in natural rubber-producing countries to optimize the natural rubber production through a physiological-based latex-harvesting system management. This study is the first bibliographical searching and meta-analysis on the variation of latex physiological parameters i.e. sucrose, inorganic phosphorus, thiols, and total solid content. The study used information extracted from 158 scientific papers. Descriptive statistics, agglomerative hierarchical clustering, and principal component analysis were performed to characterize applications of latex diagnosis, how often parameters are used and interpreted as well as the variation of its parameter values. From 158 papers, latex diagnosis parameters were used in 114 agronomy, 22 in physiology, and 22 in breeding papers. The agglomerative hierarchical clustering analysis indicated that sucrose and inorganic phosphorus contents were clustered together and total solid and thiols contents were located in another cluster. The average values of the total solid content, sucrose, inorganic phosphorus and thiols were 43.9%, 9.4 mM, 16.5 mM, and 0.52 mM, respectively. The percentage of interpretation is 63.3% for sucrose, 54.4% for inorganic phosphorus, 47.5% for thiols, and 41.1% for the total solid content. The low interpretation of thiols and total solid contents question their relevance in latex diagnosis. The low adoption of latex diagnosis in breeding could hinder the selection of activities leads to a limitation of selection for long-term high yielding and stress-adapted clones.

Culturable cellulose-degrading microorganisms were collected from Arabica coffee pulp in East Java, Indonesia. Fifty isolates were obtained, and thirty-three isolates showed hydrolyzing zone on Carboxy Methyl Cellulose agar plates after Congo-Red staining. The highest specific CMCase activity was observed by isolates C12, identified as Leclercia adecarboxylata based on 16S-rRNA gene sequence analysis. SDS-PAGE of Leclercia adecarboxylata C12 cellulase revealed two bands with a molecular mass of 95.49 and 81.28 kDa, respectively. Activity gel analysis showed the cellulolytic ability of Leclercia adecarboxylata C12 cellulase by clear zone formation. The optimal CMCase activity was achieved at 50°C and pH 9, and the activity retained 47% of its initial activity after incubation at 50°C for 90 minutes. The purified enzyme remains stable from pH 5 to 10, with 77% of its maximum activity. The activity of CMCase was stimulated by the presence of K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, and Fe3+, while SDS and EDTA reduced its activity. The current study shows that the thermostable-alkalophilic cellulase produced by Leclercia adecarboxylata C12 is very promising for industrial applications.

As an endangered species, Anoa (Bubalus depressicornis and Mountain Bubalus quarlesi) inhabiting the Sulawesi island requires proper conservation both in and out of their native habitat. The study of anoa habitat is mainly conducted through field studies based on firsthand observations of anoa appearance, footprints, or excrement or through social surveys from residents who saw it directly. The studies are carried out specifically in a particular area with a relatively narrow. However, in practice, this method has limitations, such as the research location determined based on the possibility of anoa, limited research area, and inefficient use of resources. Therefore, this study aimed to model the potential habitat of anoa in the whole of Sulawesi island. This study was based on physical and environmental independent variables such as DEM, surface slope, LST, NDVI, and access to inland water, as well as in-situ species distribution retrieved from scientific papers and reports. This study discovered the likely anoa distribution on Sulawesi island, both inside and outside of its native habitat. LST is the most important independent variable in determining habitat suitability, accounting for 80% of the total, followed by water (15.3%), NDVI (2.9%), DEM (1.6%), and slope (0.3%).

Endophytic fungi reside within their host plants with no obvious symptoms. They have been proven as abundant sources of new bioactive compounds with diverse structures. In our continuous search of the new compound from endophytic fungi, a new compound, 5,7-dihydroxy-3(R)-methylphthalide (1), was isolated from Xylaria brevipes PGR1, and three known compounds, (–)-altenuene (2), alternariol (3), and altertoxin I (4), were isolated from Alternaria alternata D-8. Both endophytic fungi were isolated from the branch of an Indonesian medicinal plant, Psidium guajava. Their structures were elucidated using extensive spectroscopy analyses, including 1D/2D NMR, HRESITOFMS, and data comparisons with the literature. Compounds 1–3 exhibited phytotoxicity at IC50 (µg/ml) values of 4.6, 23.07, and 77.28, respectively. Additionally, 1–4 showed significant cytotoxicity in the brine shrimp lethality test (BSLT), with mortality rates at 75%, 50%, 90%, and 80% at the concentration of 0.19 μg/ml, respectively.

A major drawback associated with an expression of a high-level Plasmodium Lactate Dehydrogenase (pLDH) using Escherichia coli is the low solubility due to the formation of an inclusion body (IB). This study aimed to develop a suitable protocol for enhancing the solubility of pLDH expressed in E. coli. Firstly, a pLDH-encoding gene was amplified from the blood sample of malaria-infected patients and ligated into pBlueScript II KS+ for sequencing. Afterward, the pLDH gene was digested and cloned into pColdTF for expression. The recombinant plasmid was transformed into the E. coli BL21 (DE3) RIPL Codon Plus Strain. Then, the bacterial host was initially cultured at 37°C until reaching optical density (OD) at 600 nm: 0.5. Thereafter, the growth temperature was lowered to 15°C, followed by the addition of 0.1 mM IPTG into the culture medium for inducing pLDH expression. Thereafter, the bacterial hosts were cultured in a cold-stirred bioreactor (15°C). The result showed that a combination of the low culture conditions (15°C) and a low amount of IPTG increased the solubility of pLDH. This result suggests that this protocol can be a convenient method for generating high-quality recombinant protein using the E. coli system.

The formation of acid mine drainage (AMD) is a common environmental problem in the mining industry. Its passive management through wetland construction has gained more consideration in recent years. However, the application in the field is constrained by the large area and relatively shallow depth. Indonesia has no passive technology to neutralize AMD in deep water. One solution is to apply a floating treatment wetland (FTW) system. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the ability of several hyperaccumulator plants, such as Melaleuca cajuputi, Nauclea orientalis, and Vetiveria zizanioides, to neutralize AMD using a floating system by conducting FTW trials. The method used was a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 3 treatments and control/without plants. Each treatment had 3 replications, resulting in 12 experimental units. The results showed that the FTW with or without plants could increase pH and decrease dissolved Mn by 75.31-90.74%. Heavy metals were chelated by organic matter, absorbed by plants, and deposited in the form of metal sulfides. The results also indicated that besides having a positive effect on pH and heavy metal reduction, the organic-based floating wetland increased biological oxygen demand (BOD) from 61.08-79.71%.

There is limited study on DNA barcoding of horseshoe crabs in South Sumatra, Indonesia. The present study was the first to record horseshoe crabs' COI DNA barcoding in three localities of Banyasin estuarine waters. The nucleotide composition was in a strong adenine thymine bias (AT = 63.90%) with high haplotypic diversity (Hd = 0.858) relative to low nucleotide diversity (π = 0.0534). A total of 16 haplotypes were recorded, of which two were in Carat Cape, 4 in Makati Jaya, and 12 in the Banyuasin river estuary (BRE), and Hap 1 was a dominant type (62.5%). The population differentiation (FST) value was varied, and only in the comparison of BRE-Carat Cape was significant (FST = 0.637), while the gene flow (Nm) value in Makati Jaya-BRE was high (6.563). The neutrality test, Tajima's D (0.4142), and Fu's Fs values were negative (-0.492), suggesting these populations have experienced a current bottleneck or multiplication. Analysis of molecular variation (AMOVA) suggested that 68% was distributed within populations. The haplotype network, PCoA, and phylogenetic of COI DNA sequences clustered in three groups correspond to Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda, Tachypleus gigas, and Tachypleus tridentatus. This finding is a matter of concern for managing and conserving horseshoe crab species in Banyuasin estuarine waters.

The forest conversion into oil palm plantations in Belitung impacts the plant source for pollen and nectar to support the honey bee Apis dorsata. This study aimed to identify the plants used by A. dorsata as pollen sources in honey and bee bread in honey bee nests and to analyze the vegetation composition and structure surrounding the sunggau (artificial nesting site) in Belitung Regency. Honey from A. dorsata was collected from bee nests in sunggau on Kampak Island and Tanjung Rusa. The pollen grains from 20 ml honey were acetolysed and counted until 1,200 grains for each honey sample. In Kampak Island, we found eight pollen types in honey dominated by Rhizophora mucronate mangrove pollen and eleven pollen types in bee bread dominated by Melaleuca cajuputi. The pollen type in honey in Tanjung Rusa was similar to those in Kampak Island, and nine pollen types were found in the bee bread dominated by Elaeis guineensis. The vegetation analysis revealed that mangrove and heath forests in Kampak Island were dominated by Lumnitzera littorea and Melaleuca cajuputi, respectively. The results of this study confirm the bees' notable use of the mangrove ecosystem, which adds conservation value, especially in supporting bee management efforts in Belitung.

The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic in the world has urged researchers to develop a vaccine or therapeutic drugs to fight this virus. This study aimed to assay 14 deoxy-11,12-didehydroandrographolide (AGP 2) ability as an inhibitor of 3-chymotrypsin like-protease (3CLPro), Papain-like protease (PLPro), and RNA-dependent RNA-polymerase (RdRp), the viral proteins of SARS-CoV-2 and to evaluate it safeness as a drug candidate. In-silico technique was performed in this study to analyze the binding interaction, complex stability between protein and ligand, and drug-likeness properties. The proteins and ligands were obtained from Protein Data Bank (PDB) and PubChem web tools, then using PyRx to identify the binding affinity score, PyMoL to visualize the 3D binding interaction, and WebGro web tools to analyze the stability of each complex. A drug-likeness evaluation was done using SwissADME, pkCSM, and Way2drug web tools. The result of this study showed that the binding affinity score for each complex is; AGP 2-3CLPro (-6.7 kcal/mol), AGP 2- PLPro (-6.4 kcal/mol), and AGP 2-RdRp (-7.0 kcal/mol) where the AGP 2-RdRp and AGP 2-3CLPro showed a stable form indicating the inhibitor ability of AGP 2. This study also demonstrates that the drug-likeness properties of AGP 2 are safe to use. Additionally, it has been proved that AGP 2 can be developed into a therapeutic drug with further studies.