Agriculture is facing severe changes due to climate change and extreme weather events. Attention to climate change has been high- lighted in the Common Agricultural Policy, the issue of risk management. Implementation of risk management methods among farmers who make their everyday business decisions in uncertainty, is part of decision making, and depends on the farmers experience and knowledge. This paper aims to find out the assessments of Estonian farmers about the risk factors arising from climate change and the importance of coping adaption measures to climate change. Data from a web-based questionnaire survey of questions with structured statements on perception of production risk and adaption measures were analysed. The main results showed that perception of production risk differed by farmers’ age, geographical area and farm sizes. Relevant risk management practices were different according to farm annual revenue, geographical area and the age of a farmer. The results could be used by agricultural policy makers. Future policies for the agricultural sector are elemental to ensure success in farm- scale implementation. Based on this study it could be further explored risk management practices, which are already used by farmers. It is important because climate change and extreme weather events are increasing, and risk management practices are needed for adaptation.

For our empirical research, the 2012 implementation of China's National Agricultural Water-Saving Outline serves as a quasi-experiment. In addition, one of the main regions in China for grain production is the Yellow River Basin. Based on this, we utilize a Difference-in-Difference (DID) empirical technique to assess the impact of the agricultural water-saving policy on food security using data from prefectures in China's Yellow River Basin from 2000 to 2020. According to the estimated results, grain production has greatly increased as a result of the agricultural water-saving policy. This conclusion still holds when other water-related policies are considered. The agricultural water-saving policy may enhance other input factors in grain production by assuring water demand, which is one possible mechanism of the influence. The empirical results show that the policy indeed increases the water productivity in agricultural production, which will ensure the effective water utilization in agricultural production, and the grain sown area, which is the most important production factor in agriculture. In heterogeneity analysis, the impact of the policy on food security is the largest in the lower reach, followed by the middle reach and the smallest in the upper reach in the Yellow River Basin. HIGHLIGHTS A Difference-in-Difference (DID) technique is employed to estimate the impact of the agricultural water-saving policy on grain yield in China.; The agricultural water-saving policy increases grain yield, thus improving food security in China.; The possible reason for the increase in grain yield is the increased agricultural water productivity as well as the grain sown area in China.;

Analysis of the efficiency of greenhouse gas emissions in agriculture is an important part of agricultural and environmental economics research. The theme is extremely important due to the deepening problem of climate change and the simultaneous need to ensure food security. However, counteracting climate change cannot be achieved at the expense of reducing agricultural productivity. Due to the need to study the economic-environmental relationship in agriculture, the main purpose of this study was to assess the changes in the level and structure of agricultural greenhouse gas emissions and to examine the changes in efficiency of agricultural greenhouse gas emissions. The authors also estimated the relative efficiency of emissions, which allowed for comparing the efficiency of emissions between agriculture and other sectors of the national economy. Analyzing the changes in agricultural emissions efficiency, as well as changes in relative efficiency of emissions, is an indirect way of assessing whether the ongoing trends are consistent with the sustainable development concept and if the country is effective enough in mitigating climate change in relation to its economic performance. The research conducted showed that agriculture has a significant share of greenhouse gas emissions among all sectors of the Polish economy. However, greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture decreased by a total of 23.5% in the years studied. The most significant changes occurred in the context of greenhouse gas emissions from intestinal fermentation. The research also shows that the efficiency of emissions from agriculture more than doubled in the years examined. However, it decreased compared to other sectors of the economy in the country. This study was based on emissions data retrieved from National Inventory Reports prepared by the National Center for Emissions Management and on the Agricultural Statistical Yearbooks of the Central Statistical Office. This paper also proposes some examples of measures that could be taken to reduce agricultural emissions. Some of them include reducing food losses, sustainable use of fertilizers, increasing energy efficiency, and greater use of renewable energy.

Purpose: With the constant increase in food demand, agriculture became the second-highest waste-generating industry. Crop residues and wastewater from livestock farming are the major contributors and irrational disposal of them has a serious impact on ecosystems as well as human health. In this study, corncob as agriculture waste was used as a treatment agent, after converting it to biochar that adsorbs ammonia nitrogen in swine wastewater. Method: The biochar was prepared by pyrolysis at two different temperatures 350 °C and 450 °C. The physical properties of the biochar were investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis. The ammonia adsorption capacities and removal efficiencies of the two biochars were investigated using batch experiments by changing the pH of the wastewater solution as well as the contact time. Results: The highest ammonia removal efficiency of 83.98% was recorded at 450 °C after 90 min of contact time under alkaline pH (12) wastewater conditions whereas the lowest removal efficiency of 34.64% was obtained for 350 °C after 30 min exposure to wastewater at normal pH (7.32) condition. Conclusion: This study contributed to the ongoing research on the potential of feedstock-derived biochar to remove pollutants from wastewater. Highlights: A higher temperature (450 °C) in the processing of corncob biochar had more potential to adsorb ammonia from livestock wastewater than a lower temperature (350 °C). Increased pH (12) caused increased ammonia from 3.06 to 6.2 mg/l from normal pH (7.32) of wastewater samples; it was not saturated by corncob and showed higher adsorption rate by biochar. This study encourages the usage of agricultural waste (corncob) in beneficiary effects of wastewater treatment with the lowest expenses and being highly environmentally friendly.

This study was conducted to determine the effects of climate change on agricultural production in England. In the study, some long-year average and some climate data were evaluated statistically on a monthly basis. In this study, temperature, precipitation, humidity, and rainy day data for a total of 31 years between 1991 and 2021 were used. Sunny day data were used as the average of 21 years of climate data between 1999 and 2019. As a result of this study, it was revealed that the long-year average of temperature (°C) was 10.77±4.9205, precipitation (mm) was 690.00±6.0076, humidity (%) 78.33±5.8827, rainy days : 94±0.5774 and sunny days (hour): 5.78±2.0564 in all months of the whole year from the research area in the North Sea to the east and south of England. According to studies, agricultural production is mostly affected by temperature, precipitation and humidity. The objective of this study is to check the impact of climate change on agricultural production in England.

The purpose of this study is to assess the economic benefits of agricultural production and provide guidance to manufacturers and investors interested in agriculture. This paper applies dynamic efficiency evaluation methods i.e. net present value, profitability index, and internal rate of return, together with the sensitivity analysis that is useful in cases of market turbulences. The presented investment is purchasing 10 hectares of arable land and cultivating two alternative crops: corn and soybeans. Research results and projections imply that both scenarios are acceptable and economically profitable with the preference for the cultivation of corn giving better economic efficiency. This study can provoke further investment evaluations with dynamic capital budgeting methods in other crops or implementation of mechanization in agricultural production.