Cellulose formals cellulose-O(CH ₂O)ₙ-cellulose were made by reacting purified cotton yarn with formaldehyde in the presence of H₂ ¹⁸O. Average values for n were determined from the ratio of excess ¹⁸O in the formals to formaldehyde bi- functionally attached to the cellulose. Values of n ranging from 1.3 to 3.2 were obtained, depending on the reaction con ditions. The lower values of n were obtained at the lower formaldehyde concentrations, shorter reaction times, and elevated temperatures. A cellulose formal was made also by reacting cotton with the potassium salt of methylenedisul furic acid in the presence of H ₂ ¹⁸O and NaOH; its average n value was about 1.6. The n values obtained were compared with previously reported values obtained by determining the ratio of weight loss to formaldehyde loss when foremaldehyde was removed by exposure of the formals to moist HCl vapor and also with values obtained by H. Zollinger by permethyl ation, hydrolysis, and gas chromatography.

The relationship between photodegradation rates and dye concentrations were determined by extraction, reflectance, and visual methods. Polyester and cellulose ester fabrics dyed with 4-[N-(2-cyanoethyl)-N-(ethylamino)]-4'-nitroazo benzene at various concentrations were exposed to either a carbon-arc or a mercury-arc lamp, and the amount of dye de struction, as a function of time, was determined by the various methods. Correlations were found between visual lightfastness ratings on the fabrics, dye loss determined by reflectance methods, and concentration of dye in the fabric. Extraction methods were useful for determination of dye content of dyed fabrics before and after extensive photodegra dation, but they lacked the sensitivity required for determination of small dye losses resulting from photolysis. Neither the fading kinetics nor the reflectance spectra indicated extensive aggregation of dye in the fabrics.

Water contents and hydraulic heads were measured for three rates of draining and rewetting a vertical column of sand. Fluxes of water determined from the water content data and hydraulic gradients determined from the hydraulic head data were used in Darcy's Law to determine hydraulic conductivity. The hydraulic conductivity was a single valued function of the water content exhibiting no hysteresis. There was no relationship between hydraulic conductivity and the rate of change of water content although a rate dependent water content-pressure head relationship was present in the data.

The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that reduction of pH at the soil-root interface when NH₄⁺ ions were absorbed is the cause of the increased absorption of P in the presence of NH₄⁺. The influence of addition of (NH₄)₂SO₄ or KNO₃ to an MCP band on P absorption by corn was determined in a greenhouse study involving four soils ranging in pH from 4.2 to 8.2. The in-situ activity of the corn plants was determined periodically during the growth, and the dry weight of tops and roots in the fertilizer zone as well as the nutrient content of the tops were determined after 17 days. Application of (NH₄)₂SO₄ with MCP was found to increase fertilizer P uptake when compared to MCP alone on soils of pH 8.2, 7.4 and 5.5. No difference was measured on a soil of pH 4.2. Accumulations of Ca and P were found on the root surface of the plants grown in the alkaline soils. Ca, Fe and P was found on the root surface in a soil with a pH of 5.5. No root surface accumulation was found at a soil pH of 4.2. Fertilizer P uptake at 9 days was greatest where NH₄⁺ and least where NO₃⁻ accompanied the P. Changes in the soil-root interface pH and resulting changes in the H₂PO₄⁻/HPO₄= ratio at the root surface which are modified by the inherent soil pH are implicated in these findings.

A field study was conducted to determine extractable phosphorus variability on highly fertilized calcareous soils when three different ratios (1:10, 1:50, and 1:100) of soil to Bray no. 1 extracting solution were used. Calcium carbonate equivalence (CCE) was determined on all samples and calcite/dolomite fractions were determined on randomly selected samples. On the soils where calcitic carbonates predominated, an inverse relationship was found between the amount of P extracted by the three ratios and the CCE. This relationship, however, was not as marked when the ratio of soil to Bray no. 1 extractant was increased to 1:50 and 1:100. On the dolomitic samples, an inverse relationship was also found between the P extracted by the 1:10 and 1:50 ratios and the CCE; however, no such relationship was noted when the 1:100 ratio was used. In general, the variability of the extractable P was greatly reduced in all samples when the wider ratios of soil to extractant were used. This investigation would indicate that available soil P from highly fertilized calcareous fields could be determined more accurately by using wider ratios of soil to Bray no. 1 extractant.

Sorghum grain varying widely in endosperm type, texture, and kernel size was produced at two locations in Texas during 1967. The wide genetic diversity of the sorghums selected for study enabled determination of the effect of endosperm type, texture, and kernel size on wet milling properties. Lack of a rapid, accurate method for starch analysis prompted investigation of the use of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) solubilization of the starch combined with glucoamylase hydrolysis of starch to glucose. DMSO solubilization-glucoamylase hydrolysis of starch was inferior to polarimetric or acid hydrolysis techniques of starch analysis. An increase of solubilization or incubation time did not increase the low starch values resulting from use of this technique; however, decreasing the particle size of the ground sorghum sample increased the amount of starch determined. The most accurate technique for determination of starch resulted from thermal gelatinization of the ground sorghum sample followed by glucoamylase hydrolysis of the gelatinized starch. Length of incubation time and particle size had no effect on the amount of starch determined. The method of thermal gelatinization, autoclave or boiling water bath, significantly influenced the amount of starch determined, with autoclaving being the preferred method. Combination of this technique with the glucose oxidase analysis of glucose resulted in an efficient and accurate method of determining starch. ...

Two 100,000 gallon collapsible tanks were anchored under water in Lake Erie to demonstrate, on a pilot scale, the feasibility of storing combined sewer storm overflow in underwater flexible tanks. Site selection, model testing, system design, construction, and one year's operation were included in the investigation. During the year's operation, 988,000 gallons of storm overflow were contained and returned to the treatment plant for treatment. Construction, operation, and maintenance costs are discussed. It was determined that for larger installations, modular systems of 250,000 to 500,000 gallon basic unit tanks should be employed, with site characteristics determining both the overall feasibility of the system, and the optimum tank size should such a system be feasible. Life expectancy for tank materials can only be determined in full scale operation in the actual environment.

Narrow sense heritability values were determined from actual selection response and in standard units using 94 populations grown in replicated trials in 1964, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1968, and 1969 at Gainesville, Florida. Eighty-nine of the populations were homogeneous and homozygous lines with diverse genetic backgrounds derived from crosses involving Avena sativa L. and A. byzantina C. Koch. Five were recommended varieties. Heritability values by selection response were determined using three levels (upper 10, upper 25 and upper 47 of the 94 populations) of selection and the mean of the 94 populations as a reference point for response. Over all levels of selection, the values ranged from _.55 to .76 for individual year comparisons. When individual years were compared to the 6-year mean, the range was _.05 to .87. No consistent differences were found as a result of selection level although in a few cases selection of the upper 25 instead of the upper 10 resulted in higher values. Heritability values determined in standard units ranged from _.05 to .63 when individual years were compared and from .11 to .67 when individual years were compared to the 6-year mean. In general, values between individual years and the 6-year mean were equal to, or higher than, those between individual years. A hypothetical selection and testing procedure was designed in which the yields of 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 years were combined at random to determine the effect of the number of years tested on the heritability values relative to the 6-year mean. No substantial or consistent changes in values were obtained as the number of years tested was increased.

Discrimination between octadecenoic acid isomers by the laying hen has been studied using tritium (3H), carbon-14 (14C) and deuterium (d) labeled oleate and elaidate esters. Hydrogen isotopes were positioned at the double bond, whereas14C was located in the 1-, carboxyl carbon. The egg acted as a biological trap, providing an automatic daily biopsy with which to study the metabolism of the fed isomers. Monitoring the incorporation of isomers was facilitated by dual label feeding experiments, and3H/14C, d2/do and d2/d1 ratios were determined on the isomeric mixtures fed, on the total egg lipids extracted and on the isolated neutral lipid and phospholipid fractions. Comparison of isotopic ratios of the fed mixture and of the lipid fractions provided an evaluation of discrimination by the hen during the transport of isomeric octadecenoates into the egg lipids. Radioactive and stabl isotope ratios determined for the neutral lipid indicated a preferential incorporation of the cis isomer. Stable isotope ratios determined for the phospholipid showed that the trans isomer is preferentially incorporated. The3H/14C ratios for the phospholipid recovered in each experiment increased greatly whichever isomer was labeled with3H, indicating an elimination of the 1-14C-label. Gas liquid radiochromatographic separation of the methyl esters from the neutral lipids and phospholipids showed that the isotopic labels were present almost exclusively in the octadecenoic acid constituent.