Intensive poultry farms may be detrimental to the natural environment through the polluting of this same environment. This waste has a high concentration of organic matter that can be used to advantage. One of the important factors affecting the successful use of poultry manure for agriculture purposes is stability /maturity. Applications of unstable for fresh residues may cause slow plant growth and damage crops by commenting for oxygen or causing phytotoxicity to plants due to insufficient biodegradation of organic matter. There is a need to test a biological method to evaluate the toxicity of the material. The main objective of this work was to determine the toxicity of different fresh poultry manure types (laying hens and broilers). The biological cress (Lepidium sativum, L.) germination method was utilized to determine fresh poultry manure. Increasing rates (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 %) of two sources of poultry manure (laying hens and broilers) were substituted for peat and commercial substrate. The results showed than the germination index was high for the peat and commercial substrate and when these were mixed with poultry manure the germination index decreased. Only, the rate of 25 % of a source of poultry manure (laying hens) with peat and commercial substrate did not present toxicity.

This study discusses how solid waste management systems are different in a developed and a developing country. The problems that municipalities face in managing solid waste have been identified in Iran and Canada. Also the study argues the sustainability of both cases in solid waste management by comparing different aspects such as social, political and environmental. The thesis starts by giving a description of solid waste management systems in Iran and Canada then it explains how different social, political and economic factors affect the methods and practices in solid waste management. The thesis shows the importance of high social participation, well organized policies, good cooperation between government and local responsible sectors and high economic growth in success of Canadian province, Nova Scotia in solid waste management. A protected environment and improved employment opportunities in Nova Scotia is a proof of solid waste management success. Also the study shows how in Iran low participation of people in solid waste management, low income and economic sources and inappropriate policies lead to problematic solid waste management and environmental and health problems as a result. The thesis finishes by concluding that comparing two different solid waste management systems in Iran and Canada helps us to be familiar with more effective solutions and to learn the new technologies. But also it concludes that it is not possible to use a developed country’s solid waste management as a complete pattern for developing counties as different factors play different roles in solid waste management in two different places. A developing country’s social, political and economic conditions are very different than a developed country so the same methods and strategies can not be applied in Iran.

Primary survey prior to the implementation of any activities found that three quarters of people in Chang Kian commune No.3 thought that they had some knowledge on the waste management at the household level. However, over three fifths of waste being put in black plastic bags and dumped outside the house compound. Over half of different types of waste are not sorted. When asked about their attitudes, over half of the people indicated that waste posed a environmental problem the which everyone must be responsible for. Moreover, the people felt that the governmental organizations must be the key factor in attacking the problem. After the implementation of projects and activities (Participatory training, planning for waste management, study trip and networking, etc) for waste management, the research showed that the community has changed significantly in terms of behavior and understanding the problems. The community has become more aware of waste related problems, and become more interested in interacting within the communing groups about the issue. Generally speaking, the research indicated that the campaign was successful in helping the community to reduce waste by up to 16 tones per month. This level of reduction meet the desired goal set by the government. As a result of this campaign and implemented of waste management, Chang Kian community has been awarded the best environmental friendly community' out of twelve communities in Chang Puak Municipality. A waste management group with fifty household members has emerged to run the project. Also, waste management has generated an extra income of over 4000-6000 baht per household for the community members. The waste management group now has over 100,000 baht working capital and generates over 10,000 baht monthly income for the group member.

Governments and municipalities in the developing world face the challenge of rapid environmental deterioration in the growing informal settlements along the urban fringes. Waste management, its efficiency, or lack thereof, is becoming an increasingly urgent issue. In this thesis, Winterveld, located approx. 50 km north of Pretoria, is studied as a typical example of the problems and bottlenecks related to solid domestic waste management in a mixed urban fringe settlement. While the formal parts of Winterveld receive waste removal services, the – much larger - informal parts are not being provided with such services. A wide range of methodologies was employed to assess the current status of waste management and related environmental problems. Policies and actual service delivery by the City of Tshwane, responsible for providing waste removal service to the area, were investigated; surveys were conducted among waste removal contractors in and around Winterveld, and the residents from both formal and informal settlements. Field surveys were conducted to identify environmental problems on site, dumping sites and their change over time were mapped and digitized on orthophotos. Vegetation surveys complemented the fieldwork, as illegal dumping sites often are masked by vegetation. The following aspects were investigated: 1) the efficiency of governmental and municipal efforts regarding waste removal in informal Winterveld; 2) environmental and health problems caused by improper handling of waste; 3) the residents' attitudes towards waste management; 4) possible solutions to the problems. The findings revealed that Winterveld is not an exception from other informal settlements with regards to waste management. People are of the opinion that waste management is the sole responsibility of the government thus the residents are doing little to improve their own area. Government initiatives which include provision of facilities for waste management are misused and vandalised by the residents. Dumping along the roads, according to some residents is used as a call to the government to attract attention that the residents need removal services. The initiatives by the municipality should ensure that solid waste management facilities are socially acceptable and environmentally and economically sound. It is therefore very important to involve the community when investigate technologies that will benefit the economy and the environment maximally. Informing people may encourage them to change their negative attitudes by making them feel as an important part of waste management, this will eventually compel them to cooperate and play a positive role in waste management. Until such time that they change their attitudes, there is little hope that they will appreciate and protect the facilities provided.

In the processing of cassava into gari, a significant amount of waste is generated. These include peels, fibrous materials, liquor and waste water. A lot of studies have been conducted with the objective to reduce drudgery and improve yields. These studies to introduce improved technology for gari processing often do not have a component for waste management. A survey was conducted in the selected areas to obtain information from gari producers on current waste management practices. The survey showed that the wastes generated were the cassava peels, fibrous material, chaff, wash water and liquor. The management of these wastes has been described with the aid of pictures.

Waste management is emerging as a key sector for sustainable development in South Africa with opportunities for enhancing investments in carbon credits that target reduction of methane from landfills and moveable assets in relation to environmentally sound equipment required for effective waste management. In the past, the waste management sector was dominated by private sector with selective operations in what makes business sense through recycling of saleable products. Materials mostly recycled included paper and hard board, plastics, glass, tinplate and aluminum. The rest of the waste materials estimated at 10.2 million tons of both general and hazardous end up in landfills. This trend is now getting reversed as development agencies such as Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit Gmbh (GTZ), Danish International Development Agency (DANIDA), Danish Co-operation for Environment and Development (DANCED) and Development Bank of Southern Africa (DBSA) are identifying opportunities in the sector for sustainable development purposes. Two key areas for investments include capturing methane emissions from landfills for trading in carbon markets and financing both physical and moveable assets to enhance sustainable development. However, the challenges for cost-effectiveness, efficiency and sustainability in the sector prevail in relation to lack of sound knowledge to design and implement integrated programmes that incorporate environment, development and sustainability. Also, inadequate capacity at municipal levels to administer waste management programmes and inability to collect rates and taxes for effective management of landfills constraint effectiveness and efficiency of the sector. Overall, financial resources are imperative to waste management and sustainable development as the sector requires capital investments for necessary infrastructure.

It presents the problematic of solid waste management in Costa Rica, it is proposed it’s integral and sustainable management as a solution and the importance of the use of economical instruments as an argument for the achievement of this. It is approached the problem of solid waste from the traditional perspectives, it is analyzed it’s insufficiencies and it is proposed the consideration of more integral focuses based in the principle of prevention of damage more than it’s compensation. It is presented the results of the evaluation of solid waste management in Escazú with base in the principles of integral and sustainable solid waste management, and it is concluded that this management has and intermediate adjustment (in it’s environmental and economical aspects) and the principles of integral and sustaintable management of solid waste. Finally, economical instruments are proposed for the achievement of integral and sustainable management of solid waste according with the previously evaluated weaknesses. | Se presenta la problemática del manejo de desechos sólidos en Costa Rica, se propone su manejo integrado y sostenible como solución y se argumenta la importancia del uso de instrumentos económicos para el logro de eso. Se aborda el problema de los desechos sólidos desde las perspectivas tradicionales, se analiza sus insuficiencias y se propone la consideración de enfoques más integrales basados en el principio de prevención del daño más que en su compensación. Se presenta los resultados de la evaluación del manejo de los desechos sólidos en Escazú con base en los principios del manejo integrado y sostenible de desechos sólidos, y se concluye que tal manejo tiene un ajuste intermedio (en sus aspectos ambientales y económicos) a los principios del manejo integrado y sostenible de desechos sólidos. Finalmente, se hace una propuesta de instrumentos económicos para el logro del manejo integrado y sostenible de desechos sólidos de acuerdo con las debilidades evaluadas previamente.