The continuously increasing human population, has resulted in a huge demand for processed and packaged foods. As a result of this demand, large amounts of water, air, electricity and fuel are consumed on a daily basis for food processing, transportation and preservation purposes. Although not one of the most heavily polluting, the food industry does contribute to the increase in volume of waste produced as well as to the energy expended to do so. For the first time, nine separate food industry categories are thoroughly investigated in an effort to help combat this already acute problem. The current state of environmental management systems is described, offering comparisons of global legislation rarely found in other resources. An extensive review of commercial equipment, including advantages and disadvantages per employed waste management technique, offers a unique perspective for any academic, student, professional, and/or consultant in the food, agriculture and environmental industries. * Thoroughly examines the most prevalent and most polluting industries such as Meat, Fish, Dairy, Olive Oil, Juice and Wine industries * Includes synoptical tables [methods employed, physicochemical or microbiological parameters altered after treatment etc] and comparative figures of the effectiveness of various waste management methods * Contains nearly 2500 of the most up-to-date references available.

Problems with the management and the recovery of waste oil in Serbia in the past years arise because of the insufficient laws and regulations in this field, so waste oil has been illegaly incinerated, spilled and disposed. Ratification of waste oil bylaw and drafting the Law on Waste Management, which is in the process of ratification, set the legal framework for waste oil management which opens the possibility of investment in this field.

This dissertation aimed to assess the potential for community participation in solid waste management. The study took place in Highfields, which is a suburb in Harare the capital city of Zimbabwe. Two approaches were used to collect the data: qualitative and quantitative approach. Qualitative methods included focus group discussions and in-depth interviews with residents, resident representative and members of some prominent environmental groups. Quantitative data was collected using questionnaires designed in such a way as to capture knowledge attitudes and perceptions. In the course of the study it emerged that people were more concerned with the visual and sanitary impacts of poorly managed or uncollected waste as opposed to the environmental impact. Moreover very few residents were aware of the environmental impacts of inappropriately managed waste. The study revealed that there was a prevailing culture of dependence on municipal management of solid waste. The mentality that waste management is the sole responsibility of municipal authorities is one of the greatest challenges that is proving to be an obstacle in integrating the community in waste management. It is concluded that though there is a definite need for improvement in the current solid waste management system the concept of the community playing a role is hindered by the prevailing attitude that the responsibility of waste management reset in the hands of municipal authorities. Copyright 2008, University of Pretoria. All rights reserved. The copyright in this work vests in the University of Pretoria. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the University of Pretoria. Please cite as follows: Mlanda-Zvikaramba, JC 2008, Exploring the potential for community participation in solid waste management in Highfields Harare, MA dissertation, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, viewed yymmdd < http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-03302012-113635 / > C12/4/4/gm

Solid waste is increasingly a problem as the population and the economy grows. It is a major concern especially for poor countries that cannot afford the cost of clearing up the waste but also cannot afford to have a continuing environmental degradation resulting from solid waste disposal. Interviews of key informants and randomly selected households were done using structured questionnaires in the three selected municipalities of Misamis Occidental. The existing solid waste management programs in three sites were influenced by revenue, literacy rate, and the political will of the leader of the municipalities. The inadequacy of local revenue, lack of environmental awareness of the community, and lack of political will of the local executives were barriers to ecological solid waste management. Community based solid waste management program was proposed for these municipalities.

Valorec services AG operates two high-temperature incinerators for used solvents and a high-temperature rotary kiln providing environmentally sound disposal of hazardous waste. The different technologies used allow the treatment of solid, liquid, pasty or gaseous waste. Our incineration plants comply with local regulations. Inspections of our emissions (cleaned flue gas, waste water and solid residues) are performed at regular intervals by the local authorities issuing the licence for plant operation. In the fulfilment of our duties towards the public and the environment we are well accepted and respected even though we operate on the periphery of the city of Basle. Valorec Services AG is mainly active on the Swiss market. Its major clients for the disposal of hazardous waste range from global multi-site companies like Novartis, Roche, Ciba SC, Huntsman or Syngenta to smaller companies and large-scale hazardous waste collectors. Valorec Services AG offers the largest capacity for the incineration of hazardous waste in Switzerland. Based on the vast know-how gathered by many years of collaboration with leading chemical companies, Valorec Services AG can offer specific solutions and is a well appreciated business partner. Moreover, Valorec Services AG maintains international business relations in Europe as well as overseas. Projects in collaboration with the Swiss Government for the import and disposal of obsolete pesticides from Madagascar, Bhutan and Macedonia have been carried out over the past few years. PCB-contaminated equipment, materials and oils have also been successfully imported from former Yugoslavia, Mexico, and France. Since 2001 Valorec Services AG has been an affiliated company of Veolia Environment, the world leader in environmental services with headquarters in Paris. With more than 270,000 employees the company has operations all around the world and provides solutions tailored to meet the needs of municipal and industrial customers in four complementary segments: water management and passenger transportation.

This thesis attempts to examine the situation of health-care waste management in Guyana using a systems approach and to understand the roles of government in mandating, facilitating, and initiating a reduction of the adverse impacts related to human health and environment. It examines the existing situation of health-care waste management using the principles of the viable system model to guide the analysis and to identify the function(s) and level of interactions among the actors. Health-care waste management is of serious concern in Guyana. Region 4, which includes the capital city of Georgetown, is the largest generator of health-care waste in the country and the country’s largest hospital, the Georgetown Public Hospital Corporation is the main contributor. Moreover, smaller facilities such as Health Centres are widely dispersed throughout the country thereby increasing the risks in the absence of environmentally sound management. The research focused on private and public hospitals and health centres in Georgetown and the rural region of West Demerara. In Guyana waste separation is a recent phenomenon for health-care facilities. However it is limited and depends on awareness and the availability of necessary equipment such as bin liners and sharp boxes. These facilities lack the requisite standards and procedures for waste management. In the absence of treatment, poor handling practices and rudimentary methods for disposal, there are adverse effects on public health and environment. Interventions by government are necessary in order to achieve environmentally benign behaviour. The government has a key role in collaborating with the stakeholders involved in health-care waste management as well as changing behaviour through regulation and increasing the level of awareness. This research therefore concludes the key role of government is to mandate changes through mandatory instruments to immediately address the situation of health-care waste in Guyana.

This thesis explores the functionality of Extend Producer Responsibility (EPR) in the management of Electrical and Electronic waste (e-waste) in Kenya using a case study on manufacturer involvement in end-of-life management. To achieve the purpose of the study the analytical framework used incorporates Environmental effectiveness, Economic efficiency, Political acceptability, Administrabilty and Innovative advancement in discussing the EPR policy instrument used by the manufacturer. On the practical front the data on the take-back scheme was discussed under the following factors that affect the efficiency and effectiveness of a take-back scheme: economic incentives, disincentives, convenience, inconvenience and information. On the other hand the thesis provides preliminary insights into the overall ewaste management scenario in Kenya. Literature and practical knowledge were used to explore and establish a picture of the dynamics of EPR in e-waste management under the ICT sector with special focus on mobile telephony and the actors in the sector. Suggested policy directions are based on the gaps identified through an analysis of the materials and information collected while in the field. The research confirms that there is need to develop waste management policies and regulations in Kenya structured and guided by EPR principles. The thesis emphasizes that EPR is a necessity in the management of e-waste in Kenya and the developing countries at large. Further it notes that there is need for knowledge transfer and exchange from the developed countries to the developing countries grappling with e-waste management in formulation of appropriate institutional and legislative frameworks customized to the ground realities.

The construction industry is a major consumer of new materials. Given that material production for construction work accounts for a significant percentage of all energy consumed nationally in newly developing countries, it becomes vital that the construction industry strives to reduce waste at all stages of construction. However, the importance of these construction wastes in terms of types and sources have yet to be identified. Established systems to record quantitative data for the generation of construction waste have yet to be formally standardised and are still lacking across much of Europe and developing countries. Although categorisation of waste assists segregation of construction waste and increases the potential for reuse and recycling, little progress has been made in Sarawak, the largest state in Malaysia. To address this need, this pilot study is carried out as the logical first step towards construction waste management in Sarawak by categorisation of construction waste at residential construction projects. Through this study, useful information concerning waste assessment data necessary to achieve a better understanding of construction waste is obtained. Case studies involving quantification and classification of construction waste for several on-going residential construction projects in Miri City, Sarawak, Malaysia arepresented.A database of information concerning thequantification oflocal construction waste was developed, in addition to current construction waste management practices.

In this study, an integrated two-stage optimization model (ITOM) is developed for the planning of municipal solid waste (MSW) management in the City of Regina, Canada. The ITOM improves upon the existing optimization approaches with advantages in uncertainty reflection, dynamic analysis, policy investigation, and risk assessment. It can help analyze various policy scenarios that are associated with different levels of economic penalties when the promised policy targets are violated, and address issues concerning planning for a cost-effective diversion program that targets on the prolongation of the existing landfill. Moreover, violations for capacity and diversion constraints are allowed under a range of significance levels, which reflect the tradeoffs between system-cost and constraint-violation risk. The modeling results are useful for generating a range of decision alternatives under various environmental, socio-economic, and system-reliability conditions. They are valuable for supporting the adjustment (or justification) of the existing waste-management practices, the long-term capacity planning for the city's waste-management system, and the identification of desired policies regarding waste generation and management.