The conflict whether certain districts of indigenous forest should be assigned to agriculture or forestry, had been more heated in Bantam than in all the outlying provinces of the Netherlands East Indies. At the beginning of this century an abortive attempt was made to eliminate shifting (ladang or hoema) cultivation. To evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of the hoema system with special reference to forest reservation, the author studied the hoema cultivation as an agricultural system, its consequences for local people and for other land use, crop yields, the traditional (adat) law and the legal hoema regulations in Bantam. Kools arrived at the conclusion that the aims in the hoema region should be: 1. Establishment of field crops between young forest tree seedlings (Taungya system) to provide immediate relief; 2. research into intensification of the hoema cultivation; 3. rigorous checks against illegal reclamation.Hoema cultivation must be considered as a primitive extensive agricultural system, which did not need to exhaust the soil, but usually did. It was recommended that shifting cultivation be restricted to particular forest blocks, also in the rest of Java and in Madoera.

The conflict whether certain districts of indigenous forest should be assigned to agriculture or forestry, had been more heated in Bantam than in all the outlying provinces of the Netherlands East Indies. At the beginning of this century an abortive attempt was made to eliminate shifting (ladang or hoema) cultivation. To evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of the hoema system with special reference to forest reservation, the author studied the hoema cultivation as an agricultural system, its consequences for local people and for other land use, crop yields, the traditional (adat) law and the legal hoema regulations in Bantam. Kools arrived at the conclusion that the aims in the hoema region should be: 1. Establishment of field crops between young forest tree seedlings (Taungya system) to provide immediate relief; 2. research into intensification of the hoema cultivation; 3. rigorous checks against illegal reclamation.Hoema cultivation must be considered as a primitive extensive agricultural system, which did not need to exhaust the soil, but usually did. It was recommended that shifting cultivation be restricted to particular forest blocks, also in the rest of Java and in Madoera.

An opportunity to study the reaction of different alfalfa varieties to pea aphids presented itself in the spring of 1934 in an alfalfa variety test being conducted on the agronomy farm at the Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station. The most severe outbreak of pea aphids on record for eastern Kansas occurred at that time, bottom fields being almost invariably heavily infested, while on the uplands the infestations were lighter. The unusual feature of the infestation was that the fields were rather uniformly infested. The large number of aphids resulted in a stunting and yellowing of infested fields that brought into sharp relief differences between individual plants. In a 4-year-old alfalfa variety test consisting of 36 varieties, the number of plants showing no injury varied greatly enough to make a noticeable difference in the appearance of the plats. Examination of these plants showed that they were infested by fewer aphids than other plants indicating they may be different from others in the variety.

Most descriptions of land surfaces are qualitative. Geographers and geologists have been adept in describing how and why land differ in their physiognomy, but not in stating to what degree they differ. The need for more precise, or quantitative, descriptions is evident when closely related, or very similar land types are compared, and when land types are being evaluated for some particular use as, for example, a type of farming. As a consequence of reflections such as the foregoing, and as an attempt to supply a need for quantitative comparisons in connection with recent research in the differentiation of natural land types and in the evaluation of kinds of land in relation to agricultural use, the author has devised a scheme for the graphic comparison of slopes and has developed some additional ideas for comparing land on the basis of the number and areal extent of significant land components.

An attempt has been made at the Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station to measure the residual effect of alfalfa cropping upon yield and protein content of succeeding wheat crops. Foot-rot diseases seriously limited the value of the yield determinations in certain years after the third wheat crop of the experiment. When these diseases were absent, alfalfa produced favorable effects on yields of succeeding wheat crops. When the diseases were prevalent continuously cropped wheat plats produced the larger yields. An attempt was made to eliminate this factor in the evaluation of the protein data. All periods of alfalfa cropping, varying from 1 to 9 years, produced increases in protein content of wheat. Alfalfa cropping for as short a period as 2 years produced a favorable residual effect measurable by succeeding wheat crops over a period of at least 8 years. The longer periods of alfalfa cropping produced greater residual effects. Whether the maximum was reached less than 9 years of alfalfa cropping the data do not clearly reveal. It appears that residual effects may continue to be manifested longer in protein content than in yield. Diseases in the wheat in is experiment, however, have not permitted a clear verification of this statement.

Los agrios, desgraciadamente para las regiones que gozan de un clima subtropical, el más a propósito para la obtención de la naranja, se producen en las cinco partes del mundo: en Europa, Asia, África, América y Oceanía. Hubo un momento en que su cultivo constituía en Levante una especialidad casi exclusiva, y éramos el único país que surtía el mercado del Reino Unido. Sin embargo, la lucha por la existencia trajo por consecuencia la expansión de la producción de todos los agrios a las cinco partes del mundo.

In conclusion, one can express only the greatest appreciation and respect for the accomplishments of both agricultural research and extension in the United States. Probably in no other country up to the present time have the needs of the farmer been so fully met in this regard. Such problems as have arisen and such criticism as has been made are due to a lack of a real and continuing appreciation of the fundamental relationship of these two fields of service. One is necessarily based upon the other. This fact cannot be ignored. That it has been, is due to the very nature of the work in the two fields. The work of the research man is an unknown book to the layman and will remain so, for the most part, for a long time to come. For this reason it does not make an appeal to the public. The effort of the extension man, on the other hand, is immediately appreciated by the public, which can at once see and evaluate the advantages resulting from it. This situation tends to over-shadow research activity and to set up extension work as a separate and entirely independent field. The remedy lies in the complete recognition of the fundamental relationship between the two fields. This can best be brought about by closer coordination of research and extension workers based upon subject-matter organization and by providing that the latter group be as well trained in the fundamentals of the subject as is the former group.