Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is an important vegetable crop and a valuable source of nutrients for the human diet. The southeast is the main fresh market tomato producer of the United States, with much of the production concentrated in Florida. However, production in this region is threatened by plant diseases such as target spot of tomato (TS) caused by Corynespora cassiicola, a multitrophic fungus widely distributed in tropical and subtropical areas. TS can infect foliage and fruit, often resulting in significant yield losses in conductive environments. There are no known TS-resistant cultivars, and control relies entirely on fungicidal sprays. However, several studies have demonstrated that the fungus is developing resistance to commonly used fungicides which further complicates disease management. The objective of this work was to identify sources of resistance to TS from wild Solanum accessions. Initial screens of 83 accessions informed the selection of 24 accessions for a more robust screening in which six diverse C. cassiicola isolates were used for single-isolate inoculation experiments. The results from a broad-sense mixed-model analysis including data from all six experiments demonstrated that all 24 accessions had significantly lower disease severities compared with the susceptible controls, suggesting that all accessions potentially harbor resistance quantitative trait loci (QTLs). Solanum cheesmaniae accession LA0524, S. galapagense accessions LA0483 and LA0532, and S. pimpinellifolium accession LA2093 were among the most resistant accessions tested and may be particularly useful for introgression of resistance into cultivated germplasm and for mapping of TS resistance QTLs.

Stress caused by water deficit is the main factor that decreases the productivity and quality of agricultural products. The objective of this study was to describe the morphological components of tomato plants subjected to different soil water conditions, as well as elucidate the use of the Seed+ and Crop+ biostimulants as an alternative to mitigate the effects of water deficit. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with 12 treatments: control; Seed+; Seed+ + Crop+ 1x; Seed+ + Crop+ 2x; Crop+ 1x; Crop+ 2x, in soil water conditions at 50% and 100% soil water retention capacity (WRC). The plant height, leaf width and length, and stem diameter variables referring to the plants were assessed under both soil water conditions and by applying biostimulants. Data were organized and adjusted to the non-linear logistic regression model in order to describe the growth of tomato plants of the Santa Cruz Kada cultivar, which proved to be adequate to describe the growth and showed the best fit; in addition, the use of the Seed+ and Crop+ biostimulants helped in the morphology of tomato plants in both water conditions and reduced the damages caused by water deficit. | Stress caused by water deficit is the main factor that decreases the productivity and quality of agricultural products. The objective of this study was to describe the morphological components of tomato plants subjected to different soil water conditions, as well as elucidate the use of the Seed+ and Crop+ biostimulants as an alternative to mitigate the effects of water deficit. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with 12 treatments: control; Seed+; Seed+ + Crop+ 1x; Seed+ + Crop+ 2x; Crop+ 1x; Crop+ 2x, in soil water conditions at 50% and 100% soil water retention capacity (WRC). The plant height, leaf width and length, and stem diameter variables referring to the plants were assessed under both soil water conditions and by applying biostimulants. Data were organized and adjusted to the non-linear logistic regression model in order to describe the growth of tomato plants of the Santa Cruz Kada cultivar, which proved to be adequate to describe the growth and showed the best fit; in addition, the use of the Seed+ and Crop+ biostimulants helped in the morphology of tomato plants in both water conditions and reduced the damages caused by water deficit.

International audience | This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) alone and in combination with an essential oil (EO) extracted from Tetraclinis articulata (Vahl) Masters in protecting tomato plants against verticillium wilt and bacterial speck diseases. Three strains, identified as Bacillus toyonensis EI, Bacillus thuringiensis ES and Bacillus thuringiensis RA, possess in vitro PGPR activity such as the production of indole acetic acid and ammonia, and the solubilization of phosphates. In planta, they significantly increased the stem length, number of leaflets, leaf area, and root biomass. EO and the three strains, alone or in combination, were able to enhance photosynthetic parameters such as net photosynthesis and transpiration rate. They also significantly reduced leaf alteration (LA) index, stunting index (SI) and browning index (BI) caused by Verticillium dahliae kleb. In tomato. Reduction of LAI ranged from 25% to 37%, and it enhanced to more than 60% when plants were treated with EO combined with B. thuringiensis SE or with B. toyonensis EI, indicating a synergistic effect. Moreover, EO as well as the three Bacillus strains were also able to enhance tomato resistance against bacterial speck disease caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato. The average number of lesions was significantly reduced by the application of EO and the three strains, reaching 94% with combination of EO with B. thuringiensis RA. Bacterial population analyses showed that plants with reduced symptoms exhibited significantly lower bacterial concentrations. In tomato plants inoculated with V. dahliae results showed that EO as well as three strains were able to enhance H 2 O 2 accumulation, at the late stage of infection, which might lead to reduce disease. However, within the pathosystem tomato/P. syringe pv. tomato, H 2 O 2 accumulation was highly enhanced by the pathogen and inhibited after combined treatment.

This review analyzes the available technical and scientific reports addressing tomato crop losses and discusses the ponderable characteristics for estimating losses caused by Tomato Infecting-Viruses. The tomato around the world represents an important economic aspect, it has positioned as a crop that contributes to the gross domestic product and is essential to achieve food security in some regions. Viral diseases are one of the main causes of economic losses and tomato production, due to the easy dissemination of viral particles, difficult detection, and the few options to combat virus diseases. Tomato Infecting-Viruses such as ToBRFV, TLYCV, TSWV, and TMV are some of the most important viruses due to their ability to cause losses. Abiotic factors must be considered to estimate losses with greater precision and biotic factors, restricted mainly to insects, have an important role in the virus dispersion and adaptation to new niches not studied yet. Viral infections in tomato crops can reach 100% and reported losses are between 2 and 10%. There are no recent official statistics on economic losses due to tomato viruses, the main limitation is to extrapolate and accurately predict today's losses with data from the past decade. The main challenges for estimating the economic impact of viral diseases in tomato crops lie in the omission by growers and authorities on the presence of viral symptoms and the product value in the market. Considering the absolute value of tomato cultivation economic losses by virus diseases should be around 2 to 5% annually. | This review analyzes the available technical and scientific reports addressing tomato crop losses and discusses the ponderable characteristics for estimating losses caused by Tomato Infecting-Viruses. The tomato around the world represents an important economic aspect, it has positioned as a crop that contributes to the gross domestic product and is essential to achieve food security in some regions. Viral diseases are one of the main causes of economic losses and tomato production, due to the easy dissemination of viral particles, difficult detection, and the few options to combat virus diseases. Tomato Infecting-Viruses such as ToBRFV, TLYCV, TSWV, and TMV are some of the most important viruses due to their ability to cause losses. Abiotic factors must be considered to estimate losses with greater precision and biotic factors, restricted mainly to insects, have an important role in the virus dispersion and adaptation to new niches not studied yet. Viral infections in tomato crops can reach 100% and reported losses are between 2 and 10%. There are no recent official statistics on economic losses due to tomato viruses, the main limitation is to extrapolate and accurately predict today's losses with data from the past decade. The main challenges for estimating the economic impact of viral diseases in tomato crops lie in the omission by growers and authorities on the presence of viral symptoms and the product value in the market. Considering the absolute value of tomato cultivation economic losses by virus diseases should be around 2 to 5% annually.

In this study, the status of infections caused by viruses and phytoplasmas in tomato production areas of Bilecik province was determined using conventional molecular methods. During the 2022 tomato production season, 93 plants exhibiting symptoms such as mosaic, leaf and fruit deformations, flower anomalies, and necrotic spots were collected. Viral agents such as tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV), cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), southern tomato virus (STV), tobamoviruses, and potyviruses were screened by RT-PCR, while phytoplasmas were detected by nested-PCR. Single, double, and triple infections were detected in 50 of the 93 plants. 17, 5, and 21 plants were infected by a single pathogen for TSWV, STV, and phytoplasmas, respectively. 1, 3, and 2 plants were infected by two pathogens for STV+TSWV, STV+phytoplasma, and TSWV+phytoplasma, respectively. Only one plant detected a triple infection caused by STV, TSWV, and phytoplasmas. The phytoplasma genetic group was determined as 16Sr XII-A by PCR RFLP in-silico and in-vitro methods. Sequencing studies revealed that TSWV had high nucleotide sequence similarity with other Türkiye isolates for the NSs partial gene and STV entire CP gene region. For phytoplasmas, sequencing studies showed that the obtained tomato strains overlapped one-to-one with stolbur strains. Phylogenetic analyses applied with global isolates for TSWV NSs and STV CP gene regions showed the existence of 2 main groups (Clade I and Clade II). TSWV and STV isolates obtained from this study clustered in large main branches (Clade I).

Tomato flu or tomato fever has been reported to be a viral disease by 'The Lancet Respiratory Medicine' journal, detailing about the first instance of this unexplained sickness which occurred on 6 May 2022. This has spread to few regions of India and viral sequencing in 2022 showed its homology with Coxsackie A16 virus. Tomato flu seemed to be a manifestation of Hand-foot-and-mouth-disease (HFMD) caused by Coxsackie viruses. Patent documents are rich source of technological information in a particular area and patents related to diseases are an important area which when extensively explored may give valid scientific clues. Thus, in the present study, we explored the patent landscape of coxsackie viruses, the causal agent of the tomato flu outbreak, to have far sighted effects in future.

Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV), a member of the Geminivirus genus, has caused an epidemic disease in tomato worldwide, including in Azerbaijan. TYLCV is a phloem-limited virus that is transmitted in a semi-persistent manner by whiteflies (Bemisia tabaci). Experimental propagation of TYCV has been performed primarily by using the single-leaflet grafting inoculation method. To develop a simple and effective method for transmission of TYLCV, we investigated grafting single-leaflets from tomato plants infected with TYLCV to recipient tomato seedlings. Fifty-one (51) tomato seedlings were tested and forty-eight (48) were grafted successfully with single-leaflets infected with TYLCV. Among them, forty-six (46) seedlings (92%) were systemically infected with TYLCV and developed typical symptoms. In our study, we found that single-leaflet grafting could provide a sufficient amount of inoculum for the transmission of TYLCV to the grafted tomato seedlings. The reported results regarding the development of the TYLCV inoculation and monitoring method and its application to study host plant-virus interaction showed that it could be used as an efficient alternative inoculation method.

This document aims to describe the integrated management of the tomato moth Tuta absoluta, which emerges as a significant threat to tomato production worldwide. This research covers the description of the damage and the determination of the most efficient methods for the control of T. absoluta. The damage caused by the tomato moth is diverse and ranges from perforation of fruits and shoots to their infestation with excrement, which significantly reduces the quality and yield of crops, in studies carried out in tomato fields. , it is estimated that when infestation levels in plants reach around 20%, damage can already be observed in the fruits, which represent approximately 8%. The tomato, a plant native to America, apparently comes from the mountainous areas of Peru , Ecuador and Chile. It is a herbaceous plant agent with a seed stem and a root system consisting of a short main root, which branches into numerous secondary roots. The impact caused by the tomato moth on tomato crops can be extremely detrimental to the crop. By damaging the leaf structures, the plant loses its ability to properly carry out photosynthesis. In Ecuador, it occupies fourth place in importance in terms of planting area within vegetable crops, with 3,210 hectares cultivated. The average yield ranges between 18 and 20 tons per hectare. . | This document aims to describe the integrated management of the tomato moth Tuta absoluta, which emerges as a significant threat to tomato production worldwide. This research covers the description of the damage and the determination of the most efficient methods for the control of T. absoluta. The damage caused by the tomato moth is diverse and ranges from perforation of fruits and shoots to their infestation with excrement, which significantly reduces the quality and yield of crops, in studies carried out in tomato fields. , it is estimated that when infestation levels in plants reach around 20%, damage can already be observed in the fruits, which represent approximately 8%. The tomato, a plant native to America, apparently comes from the mountainous areas of Peru , Ecuador and Chile. It is a herbaceous plant agent with a seed stem and a root system consisting of a short main root, which branches into numerous secondary roots. The impact caused by the tomato moth on tomato crops can be extremely detrimental to the crop. By damaging the leaf structures, the plant loses its ability to properly carry out photosynthesis. In Ecuador, it occupies fourth place in importance in terms of planting area within vegetable crops, with 3,210 hectares cultivated. The average yield ranges between 18 and 20 tons per hectare. . | En el presente documento se quiere Describir el manejo integrado de la polilla del tomate Tuta absoluta emerge como una amenaza significativa para la producción de tomates a nivel mundial. Esta investigación abarca la descripción de los daños y la determinación de los métodos más eficiente para el control de T. absoluta. Los daños ocasionados por la polilla del tomate son diversos y abarcan desde la perforación de frutas y brotes hasta la infestación de los mismos con excrementos, lo que reduce significativamente la calidad y el rendimiento de los cultivos, en estudios realizados en campos de cultivo de tomate, se determinó que cuando los niveles de infestación en las plantas alcanzan alrededor del 20%, ya se pueden observar daños en los frutos, que representan aproximadamente el 8% El tomate, una planta nativa de América, aparentemente proviene de las áreas montañosas de Perú, Ecuador y Chile. Se trata de una agente vegetal herbácea con un tallo semillenos y un sistema radicular que consta de una raíz principal de extensión corta, la cual se ramifica en numerosas raíces secundarias. El impacto causado por la polilla del tomate en los cultivos de tomate puede ser extremadamente perjudicial en el cultivo. Al dañar las estructuras foliares, la planta pierde su capacidad para llevar a cabo adecuadamente la fotosíntesis. En Ecuador, ocupa el cuarto lugar en importancia en términos de área de siembra dentro de los cultivos de hortalizas, con 3210 hectáreas cultivadas. El rendimiento promedio oscila entre 18 y 20 toneladas por hectárea.

The biocontrol agent <i>Pythium oligandrum</i>, which is a member of the phylum Oomycota, can control diseases caused by a taxonomically wide range of plant pathogens, including fungi, bacteria, and oomycetes. However, whether <i>P. oligandrum</i> could control diseases caused by plant root-knot nematodes (RKNs) was unknown. We investigated a recently isolated <i>P. oligandrum</i> strain GAQ1, and the <i>P. oligandrum</i> strain CBS530.74, for the control of an RKN <i>Meloidogyne incognita</i> infection of tomato (<i>Solanum lycopersicum</i> L.). Initially, <i>P. oligandrum</i> culture filtrates were found to be lethal to <i>M. incognita</i> second-stage juveniles (J2s) with up to 84% mortality 24 h after treatment compared to 14% in the control group. Consistent with the lethality to <i>M. incognita</i> J2s, tomato roots treated with <i>P. oligandrum</i> culture filtrates reduced their attraction of nematodes, and the number of nematodes penetrating the roots was reduced by up to 78%. In a greenhouse pot trial, the <i>P. oligandrum</i> GAQ1 inoculation of tomato plants significantly reduced the gall number by 58% in plants infected with <i>M. incognita</i>. Notably, the <i>P. oligandrum</i> GAQ1 mycelial treatment significantly increased tomato plant height (by 36%), weight (by 27%), and root weight (by 48%). A transcriptome analysis of tomato seedling roots inoculated with the <i>P. oligandrum</i> GAQ1 strain identified ~2500 differentially expressed genes. The enriched GO terms and annotations in the up-regulated genes suggested a modulation of the plant hormone-signaling and defense-related pathways in response to <i>P. oligandrum</i>. In conclusion, our results support that <i>P. oligandrum</i> GAQ1 can serve as a potential biocontrol agent for <i>M. incognita</i> control in tomato. Multiple mechanisms appear to contribute to the biocontrol effect, including the direct inhibition of <i>M. incognita</i>, the potential priming of tomato plant defenses, and plant growth promotion.