v | Kirjasto Aj-k | The influence of sowing time on the cultivation of winter rye and winter wheat in south Finland

SynopsisSoft red winter wheats decreased significantly in test weight, increased significantly in kernel softness, and increased in amount of fine flour produced during milling of samples obtained over a delayed harvest period of about 45 days. Protein and ash percentages were unchanged. Small changes occurred in flour viscosities, dough miring characteristics and in cookie size and top grain.

SynopsisRain and sunshine had large opposite effects on the fermentation of wheat meal of 3 varieties of soft red winter wheat during a delayed harvest period of 46 days. The hypothesis is offered that these effects are the result of an activation by rain and the inactivation by sunshine of glutathione or other sulfhydryl compounds.

SynopsisThe effect of temperature during the wheat fruiting period on dough mixing time and loaf volume of bread was studied graphically and statistically for 513 samples of bard winter and spring wheat varieties grown under a wide range of climatic and soil conditions. Loaf volume and mixing time decreased, in general, with increasing accumulated degrees F. above 90 during the last 15 days of die fruiting period.

Cold resistance appeared to be so complicated and variable, that a clear insight could be obtained only when important factors such as degree of vernalization, stages of growth and development, and hardening were considered in the experiments. For various reasons, breeders are more and more obliged to use extremely varied material in their programmes, such as of breeding for disease resistance.In 1951 the Foundation for Agricultural Plant Breeding at Wageningen had a refrigerator and hardening equipment installed to provide private breeders with cold-resistant material and to test their new lines for this character. This gave the author the opportunity to study winter-hardiness.It was possible to develop winter wheat varieties with sufficient winter- hardiness, slight need of vernalization and rapid spring development. Varieties of winter barley could be developed with a better winter-hardiness.The method recommended by Hoffmann of vernalizing the seed before sowing in autumn to test and select for winter-hardiness was highly practicable. Trials on date of sowing in autumn involving seed vernalization and lengthening of the day were a valuable aid to research on cold resistance.

Cold resistance appeared to be so complicated and variable, that a clear insight could be obtained only when important factors such as degree of vernalization, stages of growth and development, and hardening were considered in the experiments. For various reasons, breeders are more and more obliged to use extremely varied material in their programmes, such as of breeding for disease resistance.In 1951 the Foundation for Agricultural Plant Breeding at Wageningen had a refrigerator and hardening equipment installed to provide private breeders with cold-resistant material and to test their new lines for this character. This gave the author the opportunity to study winter-hardiness.It was possible to develop winter wheat varieties with sufficient winter- hardiness, slight need of vernalization and rapid spring development. Varieties of winter barley could be developed with a better winter-hardiness.The method recommended by Hoffmann of vernalizing the seed before sowing in autumn to test and select for winter-hardiness was highly practicable. Trials on date of sowing in autumn involving seed vernalization and lengthening of the day were a valuable aid to research on cold resistance.

The cause of damage from low-temperature parasitic fungi during overwintering was in the experiments with winter rye mainly Fusarium nivale (Fr.) Ces., in the experiments with winter wheat both F. nivale and the Typhula spp. fungi, T. itoana Imai and T. idahoensis Remsb. The pentachloronitrobenzene compounds PCNB and the organic mercury compounds phenylmercuryacetate (PMA) and phenylmercurysalicylate (PMS) were effective against both the Fusarium and the Typhula fungi in the experiments in which the treatments of the seedlings had been performed in November under weather conditions normal for South Finland. The effect of treatments performed correspondingly earlier in October was slighter. In experiments made in South Finland in the winter 1955—56 and in the winter 1957—58, when low-temperature parasitic fungi appeared in abundance, the increases in yield due to treatment of the seedlings with PCNB and with the mercury compounds PMA and PMS performed in November were very considerable; winter rye (7 tests) 12—122 per cent, winter wheat (4 tests) 31—735 per cent, and winter barley (one test) 124 per cent. – In the experiments made in 1956—57 in South Finland no increase in yield was obtained through treatment of the seedlings because low-temperature fungi did not appear. The mercury compounds PMA and PMS when applied on the stands in autumn were more effective against low-temperature parasitic fungi on winter cereals than the PCNB preparations. The effect of zineb and hexachloronitrobenzene (HCNB) preparations in controlling low-temperature parasitic fungi on winter cereals by treating the stands in autumn was found to be much slighter than the effect of PCNB and of the organic mercury fungicides. The amount of active ingredient in the PCNB preparations was in most experiments 5 kg per hectare. In the two PMA preparations used in the experiments the amount of active ingredient was 125 and 425 kg per hectare, the corresponding amounts of Hg were 75 and 212.5 g per hectare. The amount of active ingredient in the two PMS preparations was 235 and 470 g per hectare, the corresponding amounts of Hg were 110.5 and 221 g per hectare. In the experiment on seed dressing with winter rye in 1955—56 it was ascertained that in addition to the organic mercury preparations also the thiram preparation was effective against Fusarium mould. In seed dressing experiments in Finland considerable increases in yield especially of winter rye have been obtained by using organic mercury compounds when the seed has been normally germinating and not infested by mould. This shows that the small amount of mercury that accompanies the seed into the soil is effective in controlling the low-temperature fungi during the winter.

The cause of damage from low-temperature parasitic fungi during overwintering was in the experiments with winter rye mainly Fusarium nivale (Fr.) Ces., in the experiments with winter wheat both F. nivale and the Typhula spp. fungi, T. itoana Imai and T. idahoensis Remsb. The pentachloronitrobenzene compounds PCNB and the organic mercury compounds phenylmercuryacetate (PMA) and phenylmercurysalicylate (PMS) were effective against both the Fusarium and the Typhula fungi in the experiments in which the treatments of the seedlings had been performed in November under weather conditions normal for South Finland. The effect of treatments performed correspondingly earlier in October was slighter. In experiments made in South Finland in the winter 1955—56 and in the winter 1957—58, when low-temperature parasitic fungi appeared in abundance, the increases in yield due to treatment of the seedlings with PCNB and with the mercury compounds PMA and PMS performed in November were very considerable; winter rye (7 tests) 12—122 per cent, winter wheat (4 tests) 31—735 per cent, and winter barley (one test) 124 per cent. – In the experiments made in 1956—57 in South Finland no increase in yield was obtained through treatment of the seedlings because low-temperature fungi did not appear. The mercury compounds PMA and PMS when applied on the stands in autumn were more effective against low-temperature parasitic fungi on winter cereals than the PCNB preparations. The effect of zineb and hexachloronitrobenzene (HCNB) preparations in controlling low-temperature parasitic fungi on winter cereals by treating the stands in autumn was found to be much slighter than the effect of PCNB and of the organic mercury fungicides. The amount of active ingredient in the PCNB preparations was in most experiments 5 kg per hectare. In the two PMA preparations used in the experiments the amount of active ingredient was 125 and 425 kg per hectare, the corresponding amounts of Hg were 75 and 212.5 g per hectare. The amount of active ingredient in the two PMS preparations was 235 and 470 g per hectare, the corresponding amounts of Hg were 110.5 and 221 g per hectare. In the experiment on seed dressing with winter rye in 1955—56 it was ascertained that in addition to the organic mercury preparations also the thiram preparation was effective against Fusarium mould. In seed dressing experiments in Finland considerable increases in yield especially of winter rye have been obtained by using organic mercury compounds when the seed has been normally germinating and not infested by mould. This shows that the small amount of mercury that accompanies the seed into the soil is effective in controlling the low-temperature fungi during the winter. | Kasvitautien tutkimuslaitoksen syysviljakokeissa vv. 1955—1958 oli päähuomio kohdistettu talvituhosienien aiheuttamien vahinkojen torjuntaan käsittelemällä oraat syystalvella eräillä kloorinitrobenseeni- ja org. elohopeavalmisteilla. Useimmat kokeet oli suoritettu Etelä-Suomessa. Runsaslumisena talvena 1955—56 aiheuttivat talvituhosienet suuria vahinkoja peltokasveille kaikkialla Suomessa, myös etelä-osissa maata. Talvella 1956—57, jolloin lunta oli vähän ja maa oli syystalvella syvään routaantunut, ei talvituhosienien aiheuttamia tuhoja esiintynyt syysviljoissa sanottavammin maan etelä-osissa. Keski- ja pohjois-Suomessa esiintyi talvituhosienivaurioita, mutta ne olivat tavallista vähäisemmät. Talvi 1957—58 oli normaali syysviljojen talvehtimiselle; lumisilla seuduilla ja runsaslumisissa kasvupaikoissa olivat talvituhosienien vauriot syysviljoilla melkoiset. Talvehtimisvaurioiden aiheuttajina oli syysruiskokeissa etupäässä Fusarium nivale (Fr.) Ces., syysvehnäkokeissa sekä F. nivale että Typhula spp. sienet, T. itona Imai ja T. idahoensis Remsb. Pentakloorinitrobentseeni (PCNB) ja org. elohopeavalmisteet, fenyylimerkuriasetaatti (PMA) ja fenyylimerkurisalisylaatti (PMS), vaikuttivat tehokkaasti sekä Fusarium- että Typhula-sieniin kokeissa, joissa oraiden käsittely oli suoritettu etelä-Suomen olosuhteissa marraskuussa. Vastaavasti aikaisemmin lokakuussa suoritettujen käsittelyjen teho jäi heikommaksi marraskuun käsittelyihin verrattuna. PCNB-valmisteilla sekä PMA- ja PMS-elohopeavalmisteilla marraskuussa suoritettujen oraiden käsittelyn ansiosta johtuvat sadonlisäykset olivat koetalvina 1955—56 ja 1957—58, jolloin talvituhosieniä esiintyi runsaasti, varsin huomattavat: syysrukiilla (7 koetta), vaihdellen 12—122 %, syysvehnällä (4 koetta), vaihdellen 31—735 %, ja syysohralla (yksi koe) 124 %. V. 1956—58 kokeissa ei talvituhosienien puuttuessa oraiden käsittelyllä saatu etelä-Suomessa sadonlisäyksiä. Elohopeavalmisteet PMA ja PMS olivat tehokkaampia syysviljojen talvituhosieniin kuin PCNB-valmisteet. Zineb- ja heksakloorinitrobentseeni- (HCNB-) valmisteiden teho syysviljojen talvituhosieniin oli huomattavasti heikompi kuin PCNB- ja org. elohopeavalmisteiden. PCNB-valmisteissa oli vaikuttavan aineen määrä useimmissa kokeissa 5 kg halle. Kokeiltavana olleessa kahdessa PMA-valmisteessa oli vaikuttavan aineen määrä 125 ja 425 g halle, vastaavat Hg-määrät, 75 ja 212.5 g halle, sekä kahdessa PMS-valmisteessa 235 ja 470 g halle, vastaavat Hg-määrät 110.5 g ja 221 g halle. Syysrukiin peittauskokeessa v. 1955—56 tehosi org. elohopeavalmisteiden ohella myös tiram-valmiste hyvin Fusarium-homeeseen. Kylvösiemenen peittauskokeissa on Suomessa saatu varsinkin syysrukiilla huomattavia sadonlisäyksiä org. elohopeavalmisteilla, siemenen ollessa normaalisti itävää eikä lumihomesienen saastuttamaa. Tämä osoittaa, että siemenen mukana maahan tuleva vähäinen määrä elohopeaa vaikuttaa talven aikana talvituhosieniä torjuvasti.