The field experiment was conducted on good rye soil in 2002-04. Kobra cultivar of winter wheat was grown as a continuous crop at different levels of reductions in post-harvest and pre-sowing soil tillage. The control treatments were: wheat grown in crop rotation (winter rape-winter wheat-spring barley) and wheat in continuous cropping under conventional tillage. The yield of wheat depended significantly on crop sequence and on method of soil tillage. Under conventional plow-based soil tillage, growing wheat as a continuous crop reduced its grain yield by 17.3 percent, and also distinctly: plant height, grain weight per head and thousand grain weight, compared with wheat in crop rotation

Directions of selection of winter soft wheat on the main economic and valuable features were presented. Selection and genetic material with sufficient level of resistance to diseases shown for a number of years was selected from a nursery and investigated on immunity. Samples of winter soft wheat with economic and valuable features necessary for purposeful selection process were chosen. Creation and studying of selection material of winter wheat was fulfilled by a method of intraspecific hybridization of genetically forms of different quality. Research results on studying and estimation of hybrid material of winter soft wheat on winter hardiness, resistance to mildew, rust, moulds on the natural infectious background are presented. As a result of the selection research a new initial material possessing the economic and valuable indications and features was created. Such hybrid combination as Symfonia x Elena, Tsentos x Gorodnichanka, Elena x MV-Vilta, Legenda x Ragnal possessed the high winter hardiness (on the level of 4,8 – 5,0 points). Hybrids and hybrid combination with high resistance to mildew, rust, mould were mentioned

It is shown, that under the influence of aftereffect of herbicide pivot, applied on previous peas, decrease in weeding of winter wheat, quantity of plants and productive stems was marked, and it was increased in the process of the pivot rates augmentation and took place against a background of all applied sulphonylurea herbicides. Use of the last promoted the increase of productive plant stand of winter wheat. Quantity of grains in an ear and mass of 1000 grains of winter wheat depended both on aftereffect of pivot, and on the influence of sulphonylurea herbicides, and, for this, the character of this law exhibiting on different herbicides was unequal and was defined by their influence on crops weed infestation and density of a productive plant stand. Productivity of winter wheat grain under the influence of aftereffect effect of maximum pivot rate, as a rule, decreased. Thus, decrease of this crop grain productivity increase under the influence of the majority of sulphonylurea herbicides took place. Laren has provided the greatest economic benefit by winter wheat cultivation

The present studies were aimed at determining the allopathic interspecies interactions of weed grains from wild oats (Avena fatua L.) and red fescue (Festuca rubra L.) on winter wheat and winter rye germination and seedling growth. Preliminary  studies on inter-crop influences were done in a laboratory using developing dishes. Those tests allowed us to determine the allelopathic effect of the tested grain weed species on the germinating ability of seeds of other grain crop species as well as on the length of root, coleoptiles length, fresh and air dry matter of roots and coleoptiles. The results showed that the neighborhood of wild oats (Avena fatua L.) and red fescue (Festuca rubra L.) decrease germinating ability of winter wheat by about 4% as compared to the pure stand. There was no inhibiting influence of the neighboring red fescue on wheat germinating ability. There was observed a negative influence of the tested weed species on winter rye germinating ability but a significant difference was only observed between control dishes and treatment with red fescue. The research showed that the neighbourhood of wild oats inhibited the length of coleoptile and root seeds of winter wheat and their fresh and air dry matter stronger than red fescue. Winter rye was more sensitive to the neighbourhood of red fescue than wild oats. | The present studies were aimed at determining the allopathic interspecies interactions of weed grains from wild oats (Avena fatua L.) and red fescue (Festuca rubra L.) on winter wheat and winter rye germination and seedling growth. Preliminary  studies on inter-crop influences were done in a laboratory using developing dishes. Those tests allowed us to determine the allelopathic effect of the tested grain weed species on the germinating ability of seeds of other grain crop species as well as on the length of root, coleoptiles length, fresh and air dry matter of roots and coleoptiles. The results showed that the neighborhood of wild oats (Avena fatua L.) and red fescue (Festuca rubra L.) decrease germinating ability of winter wheat by about 4% as compared to the pure stand. There was no inhibiting influence of the neighboring red fescue on wheat germinating ability. There was observed a negative influence of the tested weed species on winter rye germinating ability but a significant difference was only observed between control dishes and treatment with red fescue. The research showed that the neighbourhood of wild oats inhibited the length of coleoptile and root seeds of winter wheat and their fresh and air dry matter stronger than red fescue. Winter rye was more sensitive to the neighbourhood of red fescue than wild oats.

Organic winter wheat production is limited by climatic and agronomic factors, including weed competition. The incidence of weeds on yield limitation can be characterized through various early indicators to predict weed occurrence and competition. A network of 10 fields of organic winter wheat was implemented in the South East of France in 2005-2006. Results showed that weed density, dynamics and diversity are good indicators for weed occurrence and competition.

The research aimed at the analysis of the influence of selected yield characters on the yield of winter wheat cultivars depending on the seeding date and density. Experiments were carried out over 2004-2006 at the Agricultural Experiment Station, the Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation, Jelcz-Laskowice, on good rye complex soil. The following factors were analysed: factor I - dates of winter wheat seeding: September 14-16, October 1-3, October 15-17. Factor II - two seeding densities: l1 - 300 grains/square m, l2 - 450 grains/square m. Factor III - winter wheat cultivars: Finezja, Rywalka, Kobiera, Satyna, Bogatka and Zawisza. Early seeding and at optimal dates resulted in higher yields of winter wheat cultivars as compared with seedlings sown at the date delayed by two weeks. A decreased seeding density at the date two weeks earlier as compared with the optimal date can enhance yields in some winter wheat cultivars. Higher yields in Kobiera and Satyna depended on an increased number of heads per area unit and the weight and number of grains per head

Research results of peculiarities of development of winter varieties of hard wheat at very early spring sowing without preliminary vernalization are presented. Possibility and direction of their usage in hybridization with spring varieties is evaluated. Regularities of formation, appearing and inheriting of economic and valuable traits in spring-winter hybrids wheat in conditions of introduction have been established. With the purpose of increase of genotype diversity and broadening of potential productivity of spring hard wheat the application of spring-winter hybridization is efficiently. Expediently thus to conduct super early winter sowing without preliminary vernalization. Ovaries of hybrid grains at spring - winter hybridization are much bigger at use as the parent form of spring variety, however productivity of hybrids is above in combinations where the parent form is a winter variety. Spring - winter hybrids are characterized by very high heterosis with respect to traits of the productivity of the main ear and plant and also on productive bushiness. With a view of increase in genotype diversity and expansion of potential of efficiency of spring hard wheat the application of spring-winter hybridization is effective. Expediently thus to spend superearly spring sowing of winter crops without preliminary vernalization. The ovarying of hybrid grains at spring-winter hybridization is above at use of spring variety as the parent form. However efficiency of hybrids is above in combinations where the winter variety is the parent form. Spring-winter hybrids are characterized by very high heterosis on attributes of efficiency of the main ear and a plant, and also on bushiness production. It specifies to efficiency and perspectivity of use of spring-winter hybridization for creation of new highly productive varieties of spring hard wheat adapted for conditions of Belarus

Early maturity is the most important trait for wheat cultivation in southwestern Japan since rainfall during the late ripening stage can often cause inferior grain quality. Early sowing facilitates an early maturity. However, early sowing of conventional spring wheat causes the stem to elongate rapidly during winter, resulting in frost injury. A new winter wheat Iwainodaichi, recently bred in Kyushu Okinawa Agricultural Research Center, is a prospect for early sowing since stem elongation of winter wheat is not accelerated even if it is seeded early. The growth and development of winter wheat when seeded early is expected to differ from that of spring wheat when seeded on the standard date. The aim of this study is to determine eco-morphological traits and to develop new cultivation techniques for Iwainodaichi when seeded early.

The crop-sequence and rotational effect of incorporating alternative crops of canola (Brassica napus) as a winter crop and pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) as a summer crop into a double-crop system of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) and soybean (Glycine max) on crop pest incidence, stand, and grain yield was studied at Plains, GA. Twelve double-cropping sequences that substituted winter canola and pearl millet at various intervals in a wheat/soybean double-crop system were studied for five seasons. Previous crop sequence had little effect on stand and grain yield of winter canola but the incidence of Sclerotinia stem rot was greater when canola was grown continuously. Winter infestations of the Hessian fly, Mayetiola destructor (Say), in wheat were reduced following canola than wheat but tended to be greater following pearl millet than soybean. Stand of both pearl millet and soybean were reduced following canola as compared to wheat. Infestations of false chinch bugs (Nysius raphanus Howard) were greater on seedling stands of both summer crops following canola. Stand losses in pearl millet were associated with false chinch bug infestations but stand losses in soybean most likely were due to several factors. Both crops compensated for stand differences so that grain yield was not affected by previous winter crop. Infection rate of soybean by soybean stem canker was not affected by previous crop sequence. In general pearl millet had little effect on pest incidence and agronomic performance of other crops studied. Stand reductions of summer crops probably can be mitigated so that the beneficial effects of canola in reducing insect and diseases in winter wheat can be realized in a wheat/soybean double-crop system.

In the field experiments carried in 2003 and 2005 on winter wheat cv. Korweta the influence of thank mixtures of herbicides with growth retardants on weed control and crop lodging were investigated. Herbicides applied with retardants gave similar or better weed control compared to treatments with herbicides used alone. Fenoxaprop-P-ethyl applied with both retardants and iodosulfuron methylsodium applied with CCC decreased hight of winter wheat more than retardants used alone. The mixtures of herbicides with growth retardants did not have any negative influence on winter wheat cv. Korweta