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Importation of Japanese Unshu orange fruits (Citrus reticulata Blanco var. unshu Swingle) into citrus producing states
1995
Importation of avocado fruit (Persea americana) from Mexico | Mexican avocado fruit
1995
Firko, Michael J.
Karnal bunt (Tilletia indica) introduction via wheat contaminants in conveyances
1995
Podleckis, Edward Vidas
Melampsora species | Evaluation of quarantine status and potential pest risk to U.S. commodities | Pest risk assessment report
1995
Cohen, Sue
Limitations to use of topical toxicity data for predictions of pesticide side effects in the field
1995
Stark, J.D. | Jepson, P.C. | Mayer, D.F.
We consider ways in which laboratory-derived toxicity data might be used to predict the safety of insecticides to beneficial invertebrates. A model test system consisting of a predator, the convergent lady beetle, Hippodamia convergens Guerin-Meneville (larvae and adults); a parasitoid, Aphidius ervi Haliday; and the bee species Apis mellifera L., Megachile rotundata (F.), and Nomia melanderi (Cockerell) was tested with diazinon, imidacloprid, and RH-7988 [ethyl (3-tert-butyl-1-dimethyl carbamoyl-1H-1,24-triazol-5-ylthio) acetate]. We also tested the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris), to calculate selectivity ratios for these beneficial species, which coexist with the aphid pest in Washington State pea and alfalfa ecosystems. Topical toxicity was estimated for all species and ranged 0.0002-0.45 micrograms per insect for diazinon, 0.000031-0.04 micrograms per insect for imidacloprid, and 0.0015-6.11 micrograms per insect for RH-7988. Selectivity ratios based on these values spanned 0.02-47.4, 12.9-1,290.3, and 13.3-4,073 for diazinon, imidacloprid, and RH-7988, respectively. Risk assessment indices based on probit substitution (estimate of mortality of beneficial species at LD90 for the pest) and 2 standard methods for bees, a sequential testing scheme and a hazard index gave variable predictions of the compatibility of these compounds with integrated pest management. We conclude that predictive methods must advance to consider relative exposure rates to pesticides, aspects of chemical fate, and behavior of the organisms concerned if they are to be useful. Above all, predictions must be validated with field data.
Показать больше [+] Меньше [-]Estimating the risks and benefits of pesticides: considering the agroecosystem and integrated pest management in the use of EBDC fungicides on apples
1995
Cooley, D.R. | Manning, W.J. (Department of Plant Pathology, Fernald Hall, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MS 01003-2420 (USA))
Simulating extremes in pesticide misapplication from backpack sprayers
1995
Millstein, J.A. (Applied Biomathematics, 100 North Country Road, Setauket, NY 11733 (USA))
Development and evaluation of in-crop monitoring as a method of identifying BYDV high risk situations
1995
Holmes, S.J. | Foster, G.N. | Masterman, A. | Bell, A. | Ward, L. (Department of Plant Science, SAC Auchincruive, Ayr KA6-5HW (United Kingdom))
Risk assessment and health effects of pesticides used in tobacco farming in Malaysia
1995
Cornwall, J.E. | Ford, M.L. | Liyanage, T.S. | Daw, D.W.K. (Tropical Health Program, University of Queensland, Brisbane (Australia))
