Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) are important compounds in determining atmospheric pollution produced by combustion from mobile sources, industrial pollution and oil industry. PAHs are considered priority pollutants by the US Environmental Protection Agency US (USEPA), due to its carcinogenic and mutagenic properties. PAHs in food, represent a potential risk to consumers, are easily associated with the particulate matter and finally settle into the sediment and water. In aquatic ecosystems PAHs join the biota of the environment and the fish are excellent biomarkers of his presence. Mutiscua region is influenced by atmospheric pollution from mobile to petrol and diesel driven on a nearby national road to the municipality. The growing interest today in research in the field of organic compounds such as Priority Pollutants (PP), is due to the identification of adverse effects of these pollutants on health and ecosystems. This research is an assessment of the presence of PP in muscle and skin of rainbow trout. The determination of PAHs (PP) was performed by gas chromatography using FID (FlameIonization Detector). It was possible to identify the presence of a mixture of Benzofluorantenos considered as possible carcinogenic to humans, and trace level the possible presence of Benzo(a) pyrene, also classified as a carcinogen.

The Tree tomato (Cyphomandra betacea S.) is a fruit of mass consumption in Colombia, due to their special organoleptic and nutritional characteristics. Tree tomato fruits were evaluated for fifteen days during post- harvest stage to establish the evolution of antioxidant activity and concentration of phenolics compounds. The antioxidant capacity was analyzed by the ABTS method. It was found for the sixth day postharvest an average maximum value equivalent to 9.8 µmol of Trolox equivalents per gram of fresh fruit. Total phenols were determined by Folin Ciocalteu method, finding the highest concentration of phenolic compounds for the eighth day post-harvest, with 1.23 milligrams of gallic acid per gram of fresh fruit. The concentration of phenolic compounds was growing from day one of postharvest, then remained constant until day 11, showing a decrease to days 12 to 14 on ripening stage. In conclusion, it was established that the antioxidant activity in post harvest stage of tree tomato didn't present significant differences with a confidence level of 95%. The results obtained presented no positive correlation between antioxidant capacity and total phenolic concentration, however it was possible to conclude that tree tomato fruit is classified as a high antioxidant activity and good concentration of phenolic compounds compared to other fruits reported in various researches, aspects that power consumption of this species as a nutraceutical food.

Acid sulphate soils (ASS) are characterized to be dynamic systems with a continuous chemical degradation processes due to current severe acidification. One of their limitations is related to the inhibition of the absorption of exchangeable bases, generated mainly by excess aluminum rates, which affect their productivity 20and limit the availability of nutrients to plants.This study evaluated the effect of some techniques used in soil remediation on exchangeable bases of ASS, at greenhouse conditions, in order to identify methodologies for the management of these soils in Paipa (Boyacá). An experimental design with 6 treatments and 5 replications was performed, where the incorporation of efficient microorganisms, sugarcane bagasse, green manure and dolomite lime was evaluated as well as the seeding of forage Brassica rapa L.; in which the exchangeable bases were measured before and after planting Brassica oleracea var. Botrytis as indicator crop. For data analysis, was performed ANOVA and was applied Tukey comparison of means with a reliability of 95%. The results indicated that the seeding of B. rapa as forage and incorporating of the same as green manure, with the complementary use of dolomite lime, generated a greater increase in Ca (18.21 cmolc•kg-1 & 16.61 cmolc•kg-1) and Mg (6 cmolc•kg-1 & 5.15 cmolc•kg-1). In terms of K, the highest value was obtained with the addition of green manure (1.31 cmolc•kg-1) respect to the methodologies evaluated.

The use of antimicrobial agents in artificial diets for the mass rearing of insects is commonly employed to prevent the proliferation of environmental microorganisms, preventing contamination of food and space of the rear insects. Therefore, the aim of this research was to evaluate the effect of formaldehyde and nipagine antimicrobials on the Cenibroca artificial diet for coffee berry borer breeding. Through this experiment, using the Cenibroca diet, the largest number of coffee borer biological states per cm3 of diet was achieved, however the highest percentage of contamination by the fungi Aspergillus sp. and Penicillum sp. was obtained. When 2.65 mL of formaldehyde per liter of Cenibroca were added, the least diet contamination (3.3 %) was achieved. This addition did not affect the production of biological states of the coffee borer, in comparison with the rest of diets used, in which other antimicrobial agents were used. Based on these results, it is possible to use the Cenibroca diet in coffee berry borer breeding for the mass production of its parasitoids.

This work was performed in order to evaluate an unconventional source of flour and starch. It was characterized physicochemically by proximate analysis, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA); scanning electron microscopy (SEM); X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis and rapid viscosity (RVA). In the proximal analysis, the flour threw: humidity 7.43%, 2.57% protein, 0.20% fat, 2.43% ash; while starch: 8.7% humidity, 1.53% protein, 0.12% fat, 1.07% ash, 1.67% fiber. DSC analysis of the flour and starch presented gelatinization temperatures and showed relatively low enthalpies 69.3 °C 2.02 J / g 54.7 °C and 2.4 J / g respectively. TGA analysis of the flour and starch showed decomposition temperatures of the compounds of low molecular weight at 286.1 ° C and 230 ° C. Starch granules showed elliptical shapes, and an average length of 39 microns and 24 microns diameter. X-ray diffractograms yielded a diffraction pattern for type C for the flour and starch. The flour and starch presented viscosities of 1132 cP and 2068 cP, pasting temperatures of 75.1 and 76.8 ° C; A final viscosity of 1121 cP and 2530 cP; Breakdown of 18 and 285 cP; Secback 107 and 747 cP. The physicochemical and thermal evaluation of flour and starch, presented attractive thermal characteristics to reduce energy costs in different agro-industrial processes.

In Colombia, production of lulo (Solanum quitoense) is close to 65,000 t yr-1, which lost about 45% in the post-harvest stage (Horticulture Association of Colombia 2006). Therefore, one of the challenges proposed in the National Fruit Plan 2006 is to improve post-harvest techniques currently employed. The aim of this study was to evaluate the banana leaf as non conventional packaging for postharvest handling of lulo. For this, the evolution of weight, pH, titratable acidity (TA), total soluble solids (TSS), respiratory rate (RR) and color changes were observed in four treatments which consisted in product storage at room temperature and 7.5°C and with and without banana leaf as packaging. The study considers a random design, an ANOVA and comparison of means were made. The storage of lulo with banana leaves reduces the product weight losses at room temperature from 11.8% to 8.3%, and for refrigerated product from 6.4% to 4.6%. It was found that time affects the values of TA and TSS, and it was determined that the color change from green to orange is later in the product packed with banana leaf.

The Tree tomato (Cyphomandra betacea S.) is a fruit of mass consumption in Colombia, due to their special organoleptic and nutritional characteristics. Tree tomato fruits were evaluated for fifteen days during post- harvest stage to establish the evolution of antioxidant activity and concentration of phenolics compounds. The antioxidant capacity was analyzed by the ABTS method. It was found for the sixth day postharvest an average maximum value equivalent to 9.8 µmol of Trolox equivalents per gram of fresh fruit. Total phenols were determined by Folin Ciocalteu method, finding the highest concentration of phenolic compounds for the eighth day post-harvest, with 1.23 milligrams of gallic acid per gram of fresh fruit. The concentration of phenolic compounds was growing from day one of postharvest, then remained constant until day 11, showing a decrease to days 12 to 14 on ripening stage. In conclusion, it was established that the antioxidant activity in post harvest stage of tree tomato didn't present significant differences with a confidence level of 95%. The results obtained presented no positive correlation between antioxidant capacity and total phenolic concentration, however it was possible to conclude that tree tomato fruit is classified as a high antioxidant activity and good concentration of phenolic compounds compared to other fruits reported in various researches, aspects that power consumption of this species as a nutraceutical food.

This work was performed in order to evaluate an unconventional source of flour and starch. It was characterized physicochemically by proximate analysis, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA); scanning electron microscopy (SEM); X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis and rapid viscosity (RVA). In the proximal analysis, the flour threw: humidity 7.43%, 2.57% protein, 0.20% fat, 2.43% ash; while starch: 8.7% humidity, 1.53% protein, 0.12% fat, 1.07% ash, 1.67% fiber. DSC analysis of the flour and starch presented gelatinization temperatures and showed relatively low enthalpies 69.3 °C 2.02 J / g 54.7 °C and 2.4 J / g respectively. TGA analysis of the flour and starch showed decomposition temperatures of the compounds of low molecular weight at 286.1 ° C and 230 ° C. Starch granules showed elliptical shapes, and an average length of 39 microns and 24 microns diameter. X-ray diffractograms yielded a diffraction pattern for type C for the flour and starch. The flour and starch presented viscosities of 1132 cP and 2068 cP, pasting temperatures of 75.1 and 76.8 ° C; A final viscosity of 1121 cP and 2530 cP; Breakdown of 18 and 285 cP; Secback 107 and 747 cP. The physicochemical and thermal evaluation of flour and starch, presented attractive thermal characteristics to reduce energy costs in different agro-industrial processes.

Human activities such as agriculture and livestock cause deterioration of ecosystems and biodiversity loss. Given this reality have increased actions to implement policies that promote the preservation and sustainability of natural ecosystems that are still preserved and productive agroecosystems, which provide invaluable benefits to human economic, social and cultural level, such benefits are called ecosystem services. Possible strategies to realize these policies on agricultural production activities using approaches Ecoagriculture Agroecology and fundamentals that provide the basis for structuring farming systems where the policy of sustainability and preservation materializes proposed biodiversity. This analysis seeks to highlight important aspects in the definition of ecosystem services, their valuation and characteristics of farm-level approaches that have been used with a view to the conservation and enhancement of such services in the current agricultural context.

The discharge of metals in the environment generates significant impacts on human health and the life cycles of living organisms. Some microorganisms are known for their high adsorption capacity for metals, including fungi. The aim of this study was to evaluate the remotion capacity of Pb (II) and Cd (II) in aqueous solutions with Penicillium sp. fungi, isolating the soil fungal strain of the Alacrán Mine (Cordoba-Colombia) and determining the influence of the removal on the variables pH, metal concentration and temperature, analyzing the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms, verifying the functional groups involved in the adsorption by infrared analysis (IR)., to potential their use in wastewater treatment. Analyses were conducted using Thermo Scientific equipment, atomic absorption ICE model 3000 Series and FT- IR Nicolet IS5 spectrophotometer. Quality control was performed for metal analysis with reference material SRM 1643e. The results indicate that to the concentration of 51.5 mg L-1 showed higher removal percentages for 0.5 g of biomass. The maximum adsorption occurred at acidic pH (4-5), 60 °C and 2g of biomass, achieving removals of 92.4 % for Pb and 80% for Cd. Isotherm analyzes best fit the model Langmuir. IR analysis shows -OH, -NH, C-N, C-H, N-H, C=O, amide I and amide II and polysaccharides, attributing this attraction in metals and fungal biomass.