Cytokine Profiles Associated With Acute COVID-19 and Long COVID-19 Syndrome

Maria Alice Freitas Queiroz; Pablo Fabiano Moura das Neves; Sandra Souza Lima; Jeferson da Costa Lopes; Jeferson da Costa Lopes; Maria Karoliny da Silva Torres; Maria Karoliny da Silva Torres; Izaura Maria Vieira Cayres Vallinoto; Izaura Maria Vieira Cayres Vallinoto; Carlos David Araújo Bichara; Carlos David Araújo Bichara; Erika Ferreira dos Santos; Erika Ferreira dos Santos; Mioni Thieli Figueiredo Magalhães de Brito; Andréa Luciana Soares da Silva; Mauro de Meira Leite; Mauro de Meira Leite; Flávia Póvoa da Costa; Flávia Póvoa da Costa; Maria de Nazaré do Socorro de Almeida Viana; Maria de Nazaré do Socorro de Almeida Viana; Fabíola Brasil Barbosa Rodrigues; Fabíola Brasil Barbosa Rodrigues; Kevin Matheus Lima de Sarges; Kevin Matheus Lima de Sarges; Marcos Henrique Damasceno Cantanhede; Marcos Henrique Damasceno Cantanhede; Rosilene da Silva; Rosilene da Silva; Clea Nazaré Carneiro Bichara; Ana Virgínia Soares van den Berg; Adriana de Oliveira Lameira Veríssimo; Mayara da Silva Carvalho; Daniele Freitas Henriques; Carla Pinheiro dos Santos; Juliana Abreu Lima Nunes; Iran Barros Costa; Giselle Maria Rachid Viana; Francisca Regina Oliveira Carneiro; Vera Regina da Cunha Menezes Palacios; Juarez Antonio Simões Quaresma; Igor Brasil-Costa; Eduardo José Melo dos Santos; Luiz Fábio Magno Falcão; Antonio Carlos Rosário Vallinoto

Cytokine Profiles Associated With Acute COVID-19 and Long COVID-19 Syndrome

2022

The duration and severity of COVID-19 are related to age, comorbidities, and cytokine synthesis. This study evaluated the impact of these factors on patients with clinical presentations of COVID-19 in a Brazilian cohort. A total of 317 patients diagnosed with COVID-19 were included; cases were distributed according to clinical status as severe (n=91), moderate (n=56) and mild (n=170). Of these patients, 92 had acute COVID-19 at sample collection, 90 had already recovered from COVID-19 without sequelae, and 135 had sequelae (long COVID syndrome). In the acute COVID-19 group, patients with the severe form had higher IL-6 levels (p=0.0260). In the post-COVID-19 group, there was no significant difference in cytokine levels between groups with different clinical conditions. In the acute COVID-19 group, younger patients had higher levels of TNF-α, and patients without comorbidities had higher levels of TNF-α, IL-4 and IL-2 (p<0.05). In contrast, patients over age 60 with comorbidities had higher levels of IL-6. In the post-COVID-19 group, subjects with long COVID-19 had higher levels of IL-17 and IL-2 (p<0.05), and subjects without sequelae had higher levels of IL-10, IL-6 and IL- 4 (p<0.05). Our results suggest that advanced age, comorbidities and elevated serum IL-6 levels are associated with severe COVID-19 and are good markers to differentiate severe from mild cases. Furthermore, high serum levels of IL-17 and IL-2 and low levels of IL-4 and IL-10 appear to constitute a cytokine profile of long COVID-19, and these markers are potential targets for COVID-19 treatment and prevention strategies.

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