Bovine mammary glands were inoculated intracisternally with a streptomycin-resistant (SR) strain of Corynebacterium bovis to determine the number of colony-forming units (CFU) required to induce colonization and to maintain persistence of C bovis colonization throughout lactation and involution. Streptomycin resistance was used as a strain marker. Uninfected quarters in cows during midlactation were challenge exposed with successively higher numbers of SR C bovis until all quarters became colonized. Inoculum containing 790 CFU of SR C bovis established colonization in only 7 of 38 quarters. Colonization persisted in only 4 of these quarters by 23 days after inoculation. Eleven quarters were reinoculated with higher numbers of SR C bovis, and all became colonized by the time challenge-exposure inoculum contained 8 X 10(4) CFU. Colonization persisted throughout the 93-day experimental period. Somatic cell counts were significantly (P less than 0.01) higher in SR C bovis-colonized quarters after inoculation than before. Sixteen additional quarters were inoculated with a mean number of 8 X 10(4) CFU of SR C bovis 7 days before suppression of lactation. All quarters became colonized, and SR C bovis was shed during the experimental period; throughout the nonlactating and peripartum periods, high numbers of SR C bovis in pure culture were shed from 13 of 16 quarters.

Blood and urine chemical values at parturition in clinically normal Holstein cows (n = 12) were compared with the same values in Holstein cows developing udder edema (n = 12). There was no statistically significant mean difference between the 2 groups for the serum and urine chemical data. Furosemide (500 mg) given IV caused a significant increase in serum calcium and sodium, urine chloride, potassium, and sodium, and fractional excretional ratio of chloride, potassium, and sodium. There was a significant mean decrease in the serum potassium, urine creatinine, osmolality, pH, and specific gravity. Hydrochlorothiazide (250 mg) given IV caused a significant mean increase in serum chloride, urine chloride, potassium, and sodium, and fractional excretion ratio of chloride, potassium, and sodium. There was a significant mean decrease in serum potassium and sodium, urine osmolality, pH, and specific gravity. Acetazolamide (500 mg) given IV caused a significant mean increase in blood urea nitrogen, serum chloride and glucose, urine sodium, and fractional excretion ratio of sodium, while causing a significant mean decrease in serum potassium, sodium, and phosphorus, and urine creatinine. Dextrose (500 g) given IV as a 50% solution caused a statistical mean increase in serum glucose, urine chloride, potassium, and sodium, and fractional excretion ratio of chloride and potassium. A statistical mean decrease occurred in the packed cell volume, blood urea nitrogen, serum calcium, potassium, sodium, and phosphorus, urine creatinine, osmolality, and pH.

A survey on the prevalence and distribution of antibodies to BLV was performed by the agar-gel immunodiffusion test over a period from 1983 to 1985. More than 2,407 serum samples were collected from Holstein cattle raised in the eastern part of Saitama prefecture where suburban dairy farm is operated. The average positive rate of this period was 4.9 %. The rates of reactive samples varied from 2.6 to 9.8 % among the age groups of cattle from younger than one year to 14 years of age. The positive rate increased gradually with age. The positive rates also varied widely from 0 to 21 % among areas surveyed. Furthermore, there were large differences in this rate among farms even in the same area. The results were interpreted and discussed in connection with the enzootic feature of BLV infection.

The proteins of the bovine erythrocyte membrane were analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate, and their relations to the slow sedimentation rate of bovine erythrocytes were investigated by treating the erythrocytes with trypsin. The erythrocyte sedimentation rates of bovine erythrocytes from Holstein and Korean native cattle were very slow compared with the human one (1/7 as slow as the human one) as reported previously. However, when human and Holstein erythrocytes were treated with trypsin (0.2 and 0.5 mg/ml) for 1 hour at 37deg C, their sedimentation rates were markedly accelerated while the sedimentation rate of Korean native cattle's erythrocytes were not affected. Although the general protein profiles of the bovine erythrocyte membranes were almost similar to that of human, bovine erythrocyte membranes showed one additional protein band called band Q in this study, which migrated electrophoretically to the mid-position between band 2 and band 3 in human erythrocyte membranes. Treatment of Holstein and human erythrocytes with trypsin caused a decrease or disappearance of the band Q from the erythrocyte membrane. Although the band Q in Korean native cattle's erythrocyte membrane was decreased by trypsin treatment of the erythrocytes, the magnitude of the decrement was not so pronounced as in the case of human and Holstein erythrocytes. The glycoprotein profiles of the bovine erythrocyte membranes revealed by periodic acid-Schiff stain showed a marked difference from that of human. The PAS-1 (glycophorin) and PAS-2 (sialoglycoprotein) present in human erythrocyte membrane were almost absent from the bovine erythrocyte membranes. Instead, the bovine erythrocyte membranes showed a strong PAS-positive band near the origin of the electrophorograms, which is named as PAS-B in this study

This experiment was carried out to investigate the hematogical and blood chemical values in dairy cattle during the dry and lactating period. Blood was collected from six healthy dairy cattle in Kyongnam province. Leucocytes count, hemoglobin concentrations and the percentage of packed cell volume were lowest at the early lactation period. Leucocytes count was not affected during dry to lactating period. The differential count of eosinophilic leucocytes was low at the late lactation period, while the basophilic leucocytes was high at the dry period. Inorganic phosphorus value was below under normal leve. Creatinine value was from 1 to 2mg/100ml of serum. Positive reaction to CRP was shown in normal dairy cattle. The values of AST and ALT were higher during the dry than lactating period. r-GTP and total cholesterol tend to be decreased during the lactating period. CPK value was not affected for dry and lactating period

In vitro antifungal susceptibility test was carried out on 53 strains of Candida spp. isolated from milk of dairy cows with subclinical mastitis and teat cups of milking machines. Nystatin, clotrimazole, miconazole, econazole, 5-fluorocytosine, cycloheximide, haloprogin and griseofulvin were tested by the agar dilution method. The 84.8 % to 98.2 % of Candida strains were inhibited by clotrimazole, econazole and miconazole at = 20.32 micro g/ml)

This study was carried out to treatment test for bovine mastitis by the determination of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) based on firefly bioluminescence. In the susceptibility test, cephalothin which looks the most effective were sensitive to Staphylococcus sp. (72.3 %), Micrococcus sp. (84.2 %), Streptococcus sp. (72.7 %) and Gram positive bacilli (72.7 %), Gram negative bacilli were sensitive to gentamycin (92.3 %) and Yeast-like-fungi was the most sensitive to clotrimazole, and nystatin in order. When the number of bacteria, such as Staphylococcus aureus, Candida tropicalis isolated from the mastitis milk were counted by conventional agar plating technique, and compared with the concentration of bacterial ATP, it gave a good linear relationship. The content of ATP per Staphylococcus aureus, cell was 3.1fM and Candida tropicalis showed the high level of ATP (90fM). The ATP assay was applied to the determination of minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of various antibiotics. When Staphylococcus aureus was incubated in the presence of different concentration of tetracycline, erythromycin, kanamycin and streptomycin sulfate and the growth was monitored by the conventional agar plating technique and ATP assay, both methods showed the same results that they were 1mcg/ml, 2mcg/ml, 6.25mcg/ml and 8mcg/ml, respectively. For the determination of susceptibility of sensitive and resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated for the milk with mastitis to tetracycline, erythromycin, kanamycin and strepomycin sulfate, the minimum time required for the test was determined by the assay of ATP every 30 minutes during incubation of 3 hours at 37deg C. ATP concentration time curve calculated on both resistant and sensitive strains incubated 3 hours as the optimum time for the determination of susceptibilities of various antibiotics examed. The ATP concentration of each test brith (antibiotic contraining), expressed as a percentage of its own control brith (antibiotic-free) indicated values of 30 % to be indicative of each antibiotic sensitivity.

A total of 13 synchronized dairy cattle (Holstein) were used to determine pregnancy rates in relation to plasma progesterone, estradiol-17-beta levels and serum chemical values on the day of last PGF 2 alpha injection and day of frozen/thawed bovine embryo transfer. The pregnancy rate of recipients with 1.0-4.0ng/ml of progesterone levels at the day of last PGF 2 alpha injection was higher than that of recipients with below 1.0ng/ml or above 4.0ng/ml of progesterone levels. On the day of transfer, optimal progesterone levels were between 1.0ng/ml and 4.0ng/ml coinciding with a pregnancy rate of 88.9 %. Pregnancy rate decreased when progesterone levels were below 1.0ng/ml (33.3 %) or above 4.0ng/ml (0 %). Corpus luteum grade did not affect pregnancy rate and this result revealed that manual palpation of corpus luteum was not valid criterion of corpus luteum function. Progesterone levels as well as pregnancy rate did not significantly differ whether the corpus luteum was on the right (1.62 +- 1.33ng/ml; 63.5 %) or left ovary (1.99 +- 0.61ng/ml; 85.0 %). Estradiol-17-beta levels were not significantly different between pregnant and nonpregnant recipients, but estradiol-17-beta levels (82.2 +- 13.5 VS. 72.3 +- 10.1pg/ml) were higher at below 1.0 ng/ml of progesterone. Total cholesterol levels on the day last PGF 2 alpha injection and day of transfer did not affect pregnancy rate. Calcium and inorganic phoshorus levels belonged to normal range in most of the recipients. These range did not affect pregnancy rate. In reviewing above results, plasma progesterone levels (1.0-4.0ng/ml) at the time of transfer are diagnostic value for screening recipients prior to transfer of frozen/thawed bovine embryos

This study was carried out to diagnostic test for bovine mastitis by the determination of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) based on firefly bioluminescence. The infection rate of bovine mastitis investigated with 521 cows in 47 dairy farms were found to be 3.6 % of clinical form and 44.1 % of subclinical form according to the degree of infection. The light yield produced in firefly bioluminescence system was proportional to the concentration of ATP giving stright line within the range of 100PM-luM. When the number of somatic cell in milk was determined by the ATP assay and compared with three conventional methods such Fossomatic. California mastatic test (CMT), and rolling ball viscometer (RBV), it was shown that r= 0.92 for Fossomatic, 0.63 for CMT and 0.7 for RBV. The microorganisms causing mastitis were isolated Staphylococcus sp. (53.3 %), Streptococcus sp. (17.9 %), Micrococcus sp. (13.5 %), Gram negative bacilli (6.3 %), Gram positive bacilli (5.5 %) and Yeast-like fungi (5.4 %). The endogeneous ATP levels of bacteria in a raw milk determined by the firefly bioluminescence system and compared with the results of the conventional methods. The correlation was 0.88 for raw milk