Ten tails of buffaloes were used in this study from apparently healthy adult animals. They were dissected to reveal their nerve supply. Eight photographs illustrated the results in the study. The study revealed that there are five pairs of caudal nerves, sympathetic and parasympathetic innervations of the tail are demonstrated.

Tularaemia is a zoonotic disease caused by the gram-negative bacterium Francisella tularensis, which is endemic to Ukraine. The aim of this work was to provide screening of different field samples (rodent tails, ticks, pellets, water, and hay) to obtain an actual picture of the tularaemia epizootic situation in the Kharkiv, Dnipropetrovsk, and Mykolaiv oblasts. Samples were collected using the flag method (for ticks) and break-back traps (for rodents). Also, hay, water and owl pellets were collected for study. The F. tularensis genetic material in samples was detected using a 16S qPCR. It was found that in Kharkiv oblast, 23% of collected samples were positive for F. tularensis, in Dnipropetrovsk oblast 1.9%, and in Mykolaiv oblast 0.4%. Among the sample types, 34.7% of ticks, 1.8% of rodents, and 36.4% of pellets were positive for F. tularensis. The most frequent carriers of F. tularensis were the D. reticulatus and I. ricinus ticks (74.2% and 29.3%, respectively, of positive results).

Determination of sperm concentration and morphology in ejaculate is essential in evaluating fertility. Sperm shape and dimensions may depend on their concentration in ejaculate. The aim of the study was to evaluate the dependence of Hypor boar morphological and morphometric sperm characteristics on concentration in ejaculate. The study was conducted on 120 ejaculates from 12 Hypor boars. Depending on sperm concentration, they were put into three groups: low, medium, and high. Ejaculate sperm concentration was determined with the photometric method. Slides were prepared from semen samples which were evaluated for the morphology of spermatozoa. The preparations for morphological analyses were by the eosin-gentian staining method. As the sperm concentration in the ejaculate increased, the length, perimeter, and area of the sperm heads also did. In the ejaculates with higher sperm concentration the sperm heads were rounder. The ratios of head dimensions to tail length or total length were the highest in the sperm from ejaculates with the highest concentrations. The highest percentage of morphologically abnormal sperm was noted in ejaculates with low concentrations. The dimensions and shape of sperm depend on the sperm concentration in the ejaculate. In ejaculates with the highest concentrations, the sperm have larger dimensions. Sperm concentration affects the frequency of morphological anomalies in the spermatozoa.

The proboscis monkey (Nasalis larvatus) is an endangered species with a declining population. This article describes the first successful attempt at sperm collection and evaluation, and the testicular and sperm morphometries of the wild proboscis monkey in Sabah, Malaysia. Eight semen collection procedures using electro-ejaculation and digital manipulation were conducted in three wild adult male proboscis monkeys. A total of 21 ejaculates were collected. The testicular biometry was measured with the aid of ultrasonography. Sample evaluation included semen volume and pH and sperm concentration, viability, and abnormality. The sperm morphometry was undertaken using phase contrast microscopy. The mean (±SD) total testicular volume of these animals was 5.77 cm³ (±1.58). Semen collection by electro-ejaculation resulted in an 84% success rate, while digital manipulation did not result in any ejaculation. Each animal showed different semen characteristics, where the volume was 5–540 μL, pH 8–9, and sperm concentration 0.041–83.00 ×106/mL. The percentage of abnormal sperm was high at 76.8% (±89.60), largely due to midpiece abnormality. Normal sperm had a spherical head and long tail with a head : midpiece : tail length ratio of 1 : 2: 8. The social status of these animals may contribute to the generally low quality of the semen. The techniques and data from this study are useful for future conservation and application of assisted reproductive technology in this species.

The objective of this study was to characterize arterial blood pressure (BP) measurements obtained by using 2 indirect methods, oscillometry and Doppler ultrasonic sphygmomanometry, in conscious goats. Agreement between systolic BP yielded by these 2 methods was then assessed. Sixty female dairy goats aged from 1.5 to 11.8 y (median: 5.5 y) were examined in a standing position with a cuff placed on the tail. All goats had a severe arthritic form of caprine arthritis-encephalitis. Three to 5 repeated measurements of each BP type were averaged for each goat and considered as a final measurement. With oscillometry, systolic blood pressure (O-SBP), diastolic blood pressure, and mean blood pressure, as well as heart rate (HR) were measured, while only systolic blood pressure was measured with Doppler (D-SBP). The O-SBP did not correlate with D-SBP [correlation coefficient (r) = 0.24, P = 0.067]; the mean difference (± standard deviation) was 24.5 ± 26.3 mmHg and limits of agreement were from -27.2 mmHg [95% confidence interval (CI): -39.0, -15.4 mmHg] to 76.1 mmHg (95% CI: 64.3, 87.9 mmHg). No significant linear correlation was found between any BPs and HR (r: -0.10 to 0.22) or age (r: -0.26 to 0.07) of the goats. The study showed that, while BP could be measured in conscious goats using both oscillometry and Doppler ultrasonic sphygmomanometry, the results obtained were so inconsistent that these methods could not be used interchangeably.

OBJECTIVE To investigate values of spectral indices for use in predicting responses in dogs during determination of minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of sevoflurane. ANIMALS 15 healthy German Shepherd Dogs. PROCEDURES Sevoflurane MAC was determined by use of tail clamping. Entropy indices consisting of response entropy and state entropy were recorded during MAC determination. Optimal cutoff points of response entropy and state entropy for use in predicting responses to tail clamping were analyzed with multiple logistic regression. RESULTS Sevoflurane MAC ranged from 1.8% to 2.6% (mean ± SD, 2.2 ± 0.3%). Response entropy and state entropy were significantly higher during positive responses to tail clamping (88 ± 2 and 76 ± 2, respectively) than during negative responses to tail clamping (63 ± 3 and 52 ± 3, respectively). The difference between the 2 entropy indices did not differ between positive (11 ± 1) and negative (13 ± 1) responses to tail clamping. Response entropy and state entropy served as independent predictors of a positive response, with areas under the curve for receiver operating characteristic curves 0.810 (95% confidence interval, 0.716 to 0.903) and 0.828 (95% confidence interval, 0.741 to 0.916), respectively. Optimal cutoff points to predict a positive response were 75 for response entropy and 65 for state entropy, which corresponded to mean ± SD ORs of 25.2 ± 15.6 and 14.9 ± 7.9, respectively. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Response entropy and state entropy were good predictors of responses to tail clamping elicited during determination of sevoflurane MAC in healthy dogs.

Objective—To determine an efficient method for the collection of semen samples by means of electroejaculation, characterize spermatozoa quality and quantity, and determine the effect of refrigerated storage on motility of spermatozoa obtained from green iguanas (Iguana iguana). Animals—18 adult green iguanas. Procedures—Green iguanas were anesthetized, and semen samples were obtained by means of electroejaculation. Up to 3 series of electrostimulations were performed; the procedure was stopped after a semen sample was obtained. Various semen sample variables were evaluated. Results—Semen samples were obtained from 16 iguanas; most (n = 10) iguanas produced a semen sample after the second series of electrostimulations. Median semen sample volume was 0.05 mL. Mean spermatozoa concentration was 2 69.0 × 10(6) spermatozoa/mL. Median percentage of motile spermatozoa was 78%. The only morphological abnormality of spermatozoa was bent tails (mean percentage in a semen sample, 5.7%). Spermatozoa motility decreased significantly during refrigeration (4°C); median percentage motility after 24, 48, and 72 hours of refrigeration was 60%, 33%, and 0%, respectively. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results of this study suggested electroejaculation can be performed to collect semen samples from green iguanas, characteristics of iguana semen samples are similar to those for semen samples obtained from other reptiles, and motility of iguana spermatozoa decreases during refrigeration within 48 to 72 hours.

Cutaneous arterial blood supply to the tail was evaluated in 12 dogs. Subtraction radiography of internal iliac artery and distal aorta angiography in 3 of these dogs was used to determine arterial blood supply to the tail from the median sacral and lateral caudal arteries. Dissection of the tail in 8 canine cadavers revealed bilateral subcutaneous location of lateral caudal arteries following tail amputation. An axial pattern flap based on the lateral caudal arteries contributed to the reconstruction of a large caudodorsal cutaneous defect in a dog. An axial pattern flap based on the lateral caudal arteries following tail amputation may be indicated to aid reconstruction of large caudodorsal cutaneous defects of the trunk in dogs.

Tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Shreb) hay from a source known to cause "fescue foot" in grazing cattle was extracted with 80% ethanol. The ethanolic extract was further refined and fractionated into cation,nion, and neutral f fractions by ion-exchange chromatography. The cation fraction was partitioned with alkaline-chloroform to give chloroform-extractable cation and residual cation fractions. All fractions plus the crude ethanolic extract were assayed for toxic activity by intraperitoneal injection into 12 calves (weighting 152.4 to 241.3 kg each) over a 14-day period. Clinical signs of fescue foot were observed on the 5th day in calves given the anion and crude ethanolic extracts. Lameness, swelling, and reddening of the rear coronary bands, discoloration of the tip of the tail, and other signs of fescue foot were seen. Microscopically, coronary bands and tail tips of affected calves had blood vessels with thick walls and small lumens.

OBJECTIVE To determine whether isoflurane-anesthetized cats with demonstrated resistance to the immobilizing effects of fentanyl would exhibit naltrexone-reversible sparing of the minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of isoflurane when fentanyl was coadministered with the centrally acting catecholamine receptor antagonist acepromazine. ANIMALS 5 healthy male purpose-bred cats. PROCEDURES Anesthesia was induced and maintained with isoflurane in oxygen. Baseline isoflurane MAC was measured by use of a standard tail clamp stimulus and bracketing study design. Afterward, fentanyl was administered IV to achieve a plasma concentration of 100 ng/mL by means of target-controlled infusion, and isoflurane MAC was remeasured. Next, acepromazine maleate (0.1 mg/kg) was administered IV, and isoflurane MAC was remeasured. Finally, isoflurane concentration was equilibrated at 70% of the baseline MAC. Movement of cats in response to tail clamping was tested before and after IV bolus administration of naltrexone. Physiologic responses were compared among treatment conditions. RESULTS Isoflurane MAC did not differ significantly between baseline and fentanyl infusion (mean ± SD, 1.944 ± 0.111% and 1.982 ± 0.126%, respectively). Acepromazine with fentanyl significantly decreased isoflurane MAC to 1.002 ± 0.056% of 1 atm pressure. When isoflurane was increased to 70% of the baseline MAC, no cats moved in response to tail clamping before naltrexone administration, but all cats moved after naltrexone administration. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Acepromazine caused fentanyl to decrease the isoflurane MAC in cats that otherwise did not exhibit altered isoflurane requirements with fentanyl alone. Results suggested that opioid-mediated increases in brain catecholamine concentrations in cats counteract the opioid MAC-sparing effect.