Objective: The objective of the study was to explore the outbreak situation in terms of animal, place, and time towards minimizing the risk of animal infection at the source in future and subsequent spillover in human in the endemic rural settings. Methodology: An outbreak investigation team from the Department of Livestock Services visited in each of the outbreak sites to explore the event towards strengthening the control program in the future. Meat samples of the infected slaughtered animals were collected to confirm the causal agent of the animal outbreak using polychrome methylene blue microscopic examination technique. Participatory epidemiology tool such as semi-structured interview had been used in these investigations to realize the knowledge and practices of local people/cattle keepers on anthrax control and prevention in animal and human as well. Results: All identified affected human cases had been confirmed as a history of contact with the animal carcasses or handling/processing with infected meat. The level of awareness at the community level was not satisfactory for the prevention and control of anthrax at the source and further spillover in human. The infected slaughtered animals found to be in non-vaccinated status during the outbreak investigation and uncontrolled animal movement is considered to be responsible for new outbreaks in a vaccinated zone where enforcement of veterinary legislation is inadequate. Conclusion: A comprehensive preparedness and response strategy is to be obligatory for prevention, control and respond on anthrax in Bangladesh. Maximum vaccination coverage in the animal, increase community awareness of animal and human anthrax are also demanded for transmission of anthrax from animal to human. http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2018.e290

Objectives: We investigated the impact of rice gruel as an alternative energy source of molasses as well as measured the effectiveness of rice gruel on the physiology of the rumen environment and the growth performance of growing lamb. Materials and methods: A number of 18 sheep with an average age of 7 months and mean body weight of 5.9 kg were selected and divided into three groups for 60 days long feeding trial with urea molasses straw (UMS), urea rice gruel straw (URS), and concentrate feed. Every fortnight interval, live weight was recorded and rumen liquor from every group was collected four times before and after feeding at 4-h interval to examine the rumen environment. Results: Color, odor, consistency, and protozoal motility remain unchanged in all three groups. The pH of the rumen liquor was highest at 8 h of post feeding among three groups. The bacterial count (6.1 × 1010) was higher in the group that consuming UMS than URS and concentrate feed. The rumen protozoa also showed a similar growth pattern in proportion to a number of rumen bacteria. At the end of the 60 days feeding trial, no significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) were found among the three groups in contrast to body weight gain. Conclusion: In the current feeding trial, the close similar effectiveness of rice gruel and molasses was found as a fermentable energy source. However, we suggest that rice gruel can be supplemented as a substitute for molasses under the situation when molasses are not available or expensive in field condition. http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2018.e295

Objective: This clinical case reports the occurrence of stage I pinkeye with concurrent pneumonic pasteurellosis in a goat. Materials and methods: A 2-year-old Jamnapari goat weighing 25 Kg was presented to the Universiti Veterinary Hospital, Universiti Putra Malaysia with primary complain of eye problem and inappetence.Results: Upon clinical examination, the most prominent abnormality observed was corneal opacity of the right eye with presence of ulceration on the corneal surface and chemosis of the right conjunctiva with excessive lacrimation. On auscultation, there was the presence of crackle lung sounds with bilateral mucopurulent nasal discharges. Samples from the ocular swab yielded a positive growth for Mycoplasma spp., while the nasal swab yielded a positive growth for Mannheimia haemolytica. The goat was diagnosed with stage I pinkeye with concurrent pneumonic pasteurellosis infection. Treatment was instituted with 400 mL of 0.9% NaCl administered intravenously once for rehydration. Flunixin meglumine 2.2 mg/kg bwt was given intramuscularly twice daily for three days as anti-inflammatory and analgesic. Oxytetracycline 20 mg/kg bwt was injected once intramuscularly as long acting broad spectrum antibiotic for treatment of pinkeye and pasteurellosis infections. Furthermore, terramycin eye ointment containing oxytetracycline HCl was also administered intraocularly twice daily for seven days as treatment for the Mycoplasma spp.Conclusion: The prognosis for this case was good as the goat were treated promptly and effectively.http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2017.d228

Objective: Environmental pollution and the resultant genotoxicity, has become a major livestock, public and environmental health concern with direct impact on the ecosystem. Here, application of micronucleus test and frequency score as a potential biomarker of genotoxic effect and bio-monitoring have been discussed aiming at exploring environmental polution.Materials and methods: A total of 100 domestic goats slaughtered at the Bodija Municipal Abattoir were used in this study. Blood sample was analyzed for the quantification of the hematological parameters. The bone marrow smear was viewed microscopically for the detection of micronucleus and other nuclear abnormalities. The frequency of micronucleus was quantified to group the sampled goats into MN-positive and MN-negative groups for further analysis.Results: MN was positive in 21% of the sampled goats with varying frequency ranging from (6-15% count per 2000 cells examined). Bi-nucleation, multi-nucleation and high mitotic index were also observed and quantified. The packed cell volume, mean corpuscular volume and neutrophil count were significantly lower (P<0.05) in the MN-positive groups while anemia was reported in 33.3% of the MN-positive goats.Conclusion: The finding indicates the prevalence and frequency of micronucleus as a biomarker of genotoxicity and an indicator of exposure to environmental genotoxic subtances. Hence, this highlights the relevance of these goats as important sentinel animal model. These findings, therefore, serve as a preliminary data for further studies on the latent genotoxic environmental contaminants and their potential deleterious impact.http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2017.d225

Objective: This experiment was conducted to evaluate the therapeutic potency of marigold flower (Calendula officinalis) and turmeric (Curcuma longa) rhizome paste in wound healing.Materials and methods: Thirty six aseptic surgical wounds were tooled in six non-pregnant black Bengal goats dividing them in 3 groups. Month long information and follow-up examinations along with complications such as edema, wound dehiscence, suture abscess, exudation etc. were studied. Wound healing was assessed by observing some morphological characters as well as histopathological changes of the wounded area.Results: Results revealed that negligible elevation of suture line (1.17±0.11 mm) and significant (P<0.01) reduction of sutured area were observed in goats of turmeric group at day 3 (D3) and 7 (D7) respectively. Moreover, histologic appearance of wound of the similar group displayed splendid development of keratin layer and collagen fiber than the others from day 3 (D3). However, therapeutic efficacy of marigold flower paste was not up to the mark as turmeric in this experiment. Control group treated with povidone iodine, showed good results but took long time.Conclusion: This study could patronize veterinarians to consider the use of herbal plants specially turmeric as a great wound healer. It will also reduce toxicities created by haphazard use and applications of pharmaceutical products. The findings of this very experiment will not only prevent the skin degradation but also help to maintain the good health status of animals.http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2017.d229

Objective: We aimed at determining the prevalence and characterizing the CaPV, determining the CaPV-PPRV coinfection prevalence and providing data about phylogenetic relationship between the fusion protein of PPRV and P32 gene of CaPV.Materials and methods:  A total of 150 samples including animals swabs, tissues and blood were collected from unvaccinated goats in a PPR and/or Capripox outbreaks in South Kivu, Eastern of Democratic Republic of the Congo. Conventional PCR and reverse transcriptase (RT-PCR) were used respectively to amplify P32, RPO30, GPCR genes of Capripox virus and Fusion (F) protein of PPRV. Positive samples were sequenced for phylogenetic analysis.Results: Out of 150 tested animals, 64.7% (n=97/150) were PPRV positive, 52.7% (n=79/150) were Capripox positive and 38.7% (n=58/150) were positive for both PPRV and CaPV. The pairwise comparison of P32 gene of CaPV and F gene of PPRV showed 99.75% of identity percentage among goatpox virus sequences, 96.95% among PPRV sequences and 47.91% between CaPV and PPRV sequences.Conclusion: The study has demonstrated high prevalence of CaP V-PPRV mixed infection in South Kivu.  Lumpy skin virus disease (LSVD) is a lineage circulating which has a genetic relationship between its P32 gene and the F gene of PPRV giving the challenge to differentiate the two diseases at the clinical farm level.http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2017.d233

Objective: This research was conducted to determine the influence of physico-chemical characteristics on diversity of the intermediate host of schistosomes in Makwaye and Kubanni reservoirs, Zaria, Nigeria.Materials and methods: Physico-chemical characteristics and diversity of the intermediate host of schistosomes in Makwaye and Kubanni reservoirs, Zaria, Nigeria, were investigated for a 12-month period (January to December, 2014). Physico-chemical properties were analyzed according to the standard procedures for examination of water and waste waters. The molluscs were collected using an Ekman grab model number 923, measuring 19 cm by 14 cm with an area of 0.0266 m2. PAST software was used to run Principal Component Analysis, Shanon-Weiner diversity index and Cluster analysis.Results: A total of 978 Bulinus globosus and 3612 Biomphalaria pfefferi were recorded in Makwaye reservoir with high abundance in dry season while a total of 163 B. globosus and 602 B. pfefferi was recorded in Kubanni reservoir with higher abundance in wet season. Shanon-Weiner diversity index of Makwaye reservoir also ranged from 2.01-2.22 and 1.16-1.31 in Kubanni reservoir. Significant variations (P≤0.05) were observed in physicochemical parameters, schistosomes intermediate host abundance with seasons. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) revealed significant influence (P≤0.05) of physicochemical properties on schistosome intermediate host composition, with BOD, DO, pH and Calcium significantly influencing the presence of B. globosus and B. pfefferi in both reservoirs.Conclusion: It is concluded that the presence of these molluscs in the study areas may constitute a predisposing factor to schistosomiasis and therefore, various management strategies and recommend preventive measures to people coming in contact with these two reservoirs.ht//doi.org/10.5455/javar.2017.d235tp: