In the present multidisciplinary study, the researchers on a field trial performed a Social Network approach and a group of 9 calves (3 males/6 females) aged 10 to 16 weeks. A 24 hours digital camera was used for location registration (X-Y position) and interactions on each calf, both individually and collectively. Based on the simple methodology nearest neighbor matrix positive and negative associations were analyzed. The field study lasted 4 weeks and the maximum interaction day was chosen, when individual calf activity was high. To those of 9 calves solely no 2 was infected with giardiasis on the first week, whereas calves with no:2, 7, and 8 were also infected on the second week. No: 4 and 6 were also infected with a total of 5 calves on the third week. This was followed by the final 6 calves in total infected. During the observation period, both by investigators and camera records, infected calf 2 was in close contact with no: 8 (at morning observation) and a slight degree of contact with no: 3 and 4 which were detected with giardiasis on the third and fourt weeks, respectively. Due to close contact with no: 8, infection was determined on the second week, earlier than others (except no: 7). Calves with no: 1 and 5 were never infected nor determined by PCR, fecal smear, or rapid diagnostic test kits throughout the study. In conclusion, the present authors suggested that social networking might be an important predisposing factor for giardiasis infection among calves.

This study was carried out in order to examine a total of 40 drinking water samples taken from 20 locations selected from Mardin and Van provinces in terms of physical properties, heavy metal and mineral contents and to evaluate the quality of drinking water in accordance with the results obtained. Among the ion and mineral analyses of the samples, arsenic, copper, boron, cadmium, cobalt, manganese, nickel, lead, selenium and zinc analyses were made with Inductively Coupled Plasma and Mass Spectrometer, and magnesium analyses were made with Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectrometer. Fluoride, chloride, nitrite, nitrate, bromide, sulfate and phosphate analyses were also performed by Dionex ion chromatography. Conductivity, pH, ORP, TDS and minimum salt analyses were performed with the Myron L device. As a result of the study, the difference between the fluoride, chloride, nitrite, nitrate, bromide, boron, cadmium, cobalt, zinc, conductivity, TDS, ORP and temperature values of the water samples of the two provinces was found to be significant. In addition, drinking water containing heavy metals was found to be above the limit values set by the Regulation on Water Intended for Human Consumption, nickel was detected in water samples taken from Van, and phosphate was not detected in samples taken from Mardin. The remarkable issues in water samples taken from 40 different locations in two provinces are presented in articles and it has been emphasized that it is important for the people living in this region to present the detected defects to local governments, environmental and public health units and to eliminate the defects.

Present research was conducted at the University of Aydin Adnan Menderes, Faculty of Veterinary. In a total of 10 cats with pruritic dermatoses were allocated, classified [Feline atopic skin syndrome (FaSs)] and adapted to the retrospective case controlled study on the basis of Polycheck in vitro Allergy Test, clinical signs, dermatoscopic and cytological examination. No prior drug prescription, nor immunosuppressive treatment were evident, which was an inclusion criteria. Complete blood count, serum biochemistry, and endocrine panels were all deemed available on days 0 and 21 for all cats involved. The Feline Dermatitis Extent and Severity Index (FeDESI) and a 10 cm visual analog scale (VAS) were deemed available as relevant prognostic parameters. A three strain invoving soil-based probiotic used via rectal route significantly decreased FEDESI and VAS pruritus scores after 10 days of rectal use. Pre-treament day 0 FEDESI scores (median ± SD) (106.3 ± 41.38), were significantly higher than scores on day 10 (15.3 ± 10.53) switching the severity of the disease to mild status in all cases. Furthermore, day 0 VAS pruritus scores were 7.4 ± 1.78 (mean ± SD) (prior to treatment), whereas owner VAS pruritus score was decreased to 1.3 ± 1.06 (mean ± SD) significantly (p=0.005). It should not be unwise to draw preliminary conclusion that 3 chained soil-based Bacillus probiotic was capable of short term cure for FaSs. Bacillus probiotics with safety usage should be added to therapeutical armamentarium of FaSs.

Left Abomasum Displacement (LDA) is one of the most important metabolic diseases caused by negative energy balance during the early lactation period for high milk efficient cows. This study aimed to investigate the lipid mobilization and oxidative stress parameters in cows with LDA before and after the operation. In this research, cows with LDA (n=16) were divided into three groups that are before operation (pre-op LDA), immediately after the operation (post-op LDA), and on the 10th day after the operation (post-op 10 LDA). Control groups were formed from early lactation cows (n=8) and dry period (n=8). In serum samples collected from the study groups, total cholesterol, HDL and LDL cholesterol, triacylglycerol, free fatty acid (FFA), β-hydroxybutyric acid (BHBA), malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, and AST, GGT activities were determined spectrophotometrically, total antioxidant level (TAS), total oxidant level (TOS) and paraoxonase 1/arylesterase (PON1/ARES)] enzyme activity was measured according to the procedure of the colorimetric kit. Serum TOS and MDA levels increased in cattle with pre-op LDA compared to control groups, and MDA levels decreased to normal levels in both groups after the operation. TAS levels and PON1/ARES activities decreased in cattle with pre-op LDA compared to control groups and increased gradually in post-op groups. Serum total cholesterol, HDL, and LDL cholesterol levels decreased in cattle with pre-op LDA compared to the control groups and did not return to normal levels in the groups with post-op LDA. While BHBA levels and AST activities increased in cattle with pre-op LDA compared to control groups, they reached normal values in cattle with LDA on the post-op 10th day. It has been concluded that in evaluating the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of the disease in dairy cows with LDA, oxidative stress parameters such as TAS, TOS, and PON1/ARES may be used together with lipid parameters.

This study aims to establish the light and electron microscopic structure of the pecten oculi in the goose (Anser anser). For this purpose, 12 samples of pecten oculi extracted from 6 goose eyes were used. In the study, it was found that the goose pecten consists of 13-14 pleats. The maximum transversal length of the eye was approximately 10 mm, the corneal diameter was 5 mm, the basal length of the pecten was 7 mm, the apical length was 1.5 mm, and the height of the pecten was 5.55 mm (n=6). In pecten pleats, the mean diameters of two separate vessels, primary and secondary, were 48.94 and 23.36 μm respectively. The primary vessels located at the centre of the pecten pleats were surrounded by the secondary vessels. It was observed that the melanocytes in pleats gradually intensified from basal to apical regions. Pecten covered to the vitreo-pecteneal limiting membrane and, hyalocytes were found on this part. This study revealed that the goose pecten has a structure similar to the avian species in the waterfowl family.

Zonulin elucidated as a thoroughly known protein, is capable of modulating the gut integrity of intercellular connections. Intestinal permeability and its modulation by zonulin have been well-defined. Zonulin levels could increase in response to several stimuli, i.e. infection/gluten ingestion. Even if the latter occurs, zonulin signals into the body for elevating the permeability of the gut lining, permitting larger molecules to pass through. All aforementioned conditions initiate inflammation. In the present prospective field study, the aim was to determine the specificity of zonulin as a noninvasive selected biomarker of gut barrier function to identify and debug calves suffering from diarrhea.  Furthermore, another purpose was to define the appearance of leaky gut (LeaG) among calves with diarrhea. By use of commercially available Bovine Zonulin ELISA test kits with a well-designed methodology all 11 diseased and other relevant healthy calves gave positive test results. Circulating zonulin levels (ng/mL) expressed as (±SEM), there were significant differences (p<0.001) between healthy (26.43±3.528) and diarrheic calves (57.97±4.250). As a preliminary conclusion, it should not be unwise to draw the hypothesis that zonulin levels debug diarrheic calves from healthy ones. Further studies are warranted.

Proteomics, which is called the identification phase of the proteome identifying all the proteins encoded by the genome, has an important place in solving the difficulties experienced in toxicology. Proteomics refers to the study of interactions with other proteins and macromolecules, structure, location, amount, post-translational modifications (PTM), function in tissues/cells of the proteome. With proteomic studies, new relationships between proteins and toxicopathological effects can be determined and it is revealed the information on the toxic action mechanisms of various substances, from metals to peroxisome proliferators. On the other hand, toxicoproteomics seeks to identify critical proteins and pathways in biological systems that respond to it and adversely affected by chemical and environmental exposures using protein expression technologies. Toxicoproteomics combines 3 discipline areas. These are 1) traditional toxicology and pathology 2) differential protein and gene expression analysis 3) systems biology. Toxicoproteomic studies are an important area that can provide critical tools for identification of biomarkers associated with exposure to toxic substances, assessing their reliability and designing appropriate measures that can minimize adverse effects. In this statement, it is aimed to emphasize the importance of proteomics in toxicology.

This study aimed to determine the presence of Mycoplasma haemofelis (Mhf), which is a member of the hemotropic mycoplasmas called infectious anemia of cats, known to be zoonotic, usually progresses with hemolytic anemia in cats, and can lead to the death of the cat if not treated, in the Kırıkkale province by the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) method. The experimental units of the study consisted of 50 male and 50 female cats of different breeds, aged between 2-months and 10-years, presented to the Kırıkkale University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Internal Medicine, Surgery and Obstetrics Clinics with different complaints during January-August 2021. Smears prepared from blood samples were examined cytologically by the Giemsa. In addition, total blood count was done and the increased blood samples were analysed by PCR for the 16S ribosomal RNA gene. According to the PCR analysis findings of the study, it was concluded that the incidence of Mycoplasma haemofelis in Kırıkkale is 13 %.

The objective of the study is to compare the efficacy and cardiopulmonary effects of dexmedetomidine-ketamine and thiopental sodium in sevoflurane anesthetized in goats. Seven healthy adult female goats with body weight of 35.3±3.82 kg (median±IQ). Each goat received both anesthetics in a randomized cross-over design, with at least 2 weeks intervals. Anesthesia was induced with intravenous dexmedetomidine (2 mg/kg) and ketamine (10 mg/kg) or thiopental sodium (19.3±3.42 mg/kg) (mean±SD) and maintained with sevoflurane for 2 hours. Arterial blood pressure, heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR) and arterial blood gases were monitored. Induction of anesthesia was smooth in all goats. Mean recovery times were significantly longer in thiopental sodium group (P<0.05). Side effects were less common in dexmedetomidine-ketamine group (DKS) than thiopental sodium group (TS). Recovery was uneventful in both groups. Although the mean arterial blood pressures (MAP) were decreased in both groups (P<0.05), the prolonged decrease was recorded in DKS group. The temperature was decreased in both groups in time (P<0.05). Changes in blood oxygenation were significantly higher in DKS group at 15 and 120 minutes compared to TS group (P<0.05). Dexmedetomidine-ketamine provides better anesthesia when compare with thiopental sodium as an induction agent before sevoflorane anesthesia in goats.

The aim of this study was to evaluate in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility of Enteroccoccus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium strains isolated from dog, as well as the phenotypic and genotypic characterization of vancomycin resistance and some virulence genes of the isolates. A total of 197 samples were analyzed, including 114 urine, 63 rectal swab and 20 vaginal swab samples. Enteroccocus spp. were isolated from 83 (42.1%) of the samples. By PCR test with species-specific primers, 42 (50.6%) isolates were identified as E. faecalis (95.2%) and E. faecium (4.8%). The highest resistance was found to erythromycin (16.66%) and tetracycline (11.9%) whereas vancomycin resistance was low (4.76%) by disc diffusion method. GelE (47.6%) and asa1 (38.1%) genes associated with the virulence were detected in the isolates, while all isolates were negative for cylA gene. As a result, E. faecalis from canine samples was isolated at higher rate than that of E. faecium, and the resistance of the isolates to β-lactam antibiotics (ampicillin, penicillin, imipenem, and vancomycin) as well as multiple antibiotic resistance was low. The gelE gene was detected in more isolates than the asa1 gene, and all isolates were negative for cylA gene.