The increasing salinization of groundwater renders it challenging to maintain the water quality. Moreover, knowledge regarding the characteristics and mechanism of groundwater salinization in mining areas remains limited. This study represents the first attempt of combining the hydrochemical, isotope (δD, δ¹⁸O, δ³⁷Cl, and ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr) and multivariate statistical analysis methods to explore the origin, control, and influence of fluoride enrichment in mining cities. The TDS content of groundwater ranged from 275.9 mg/L to 2452.0 mg/L, and 54% of the groundwater samples were classified as class IV water according to China's groundwater quality standards (GB/T 14848–2017), indicating a decline in the water quality of the study area. The results of the groundwater ion ratio and isotope discrimination analysis showed that dissolution and evaporation involving water-rock interactions and halite were the main driving processes for groundwater salinization in the study area. In addition to the hydrogeological and climatic conditions, mine drainage inputs exacerbated the increasing salinity of the groundwater in local areas. The mineral dissolution, cation exchange, and evaporation promoted the F⁻ enrichment, while excessive evaporation and salinity inhibited the F⁻ enrichment. Gangue accumulation and infiltration likely led to considerable F⁻ enrichment in individual groundwater regions. Extensive changes in the groundwater salinity indicated differences in the geochemical processes that controlled the groundwater salinization. Given the particularity of the study area, the enrichment of salinization and fluoride triggered by mining activities cannot be ignored.

Mixed pollution due to heavy metals (HMs), especially cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), and arsenic (As), seriously endangers the safety of food produced in paddy soil. In the field experiments, foliar application of 2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) at the flowering stage was found to significantly reduce the levels of Cd, Pb, total As, and inorganic As (iAs) in rice grains by 47.95%, 61.76%, 36.37%, and 51.24%, respectively, without affecting the concentration of metallonutrients, including Mn, K, Mg, Ca, Fe, and Zn. DMSA treatment significantly reduced the concentrations of Cd, Pb, and As in the panicle node, panicle neck, and rachis, while those in the flag leaves were significantly increased by up to 20.87%, 49.40%, and 32.67%, respectively. DMSA application promoted the transport of HM from roots and lower stalks to flag leaves with a maximum increase of 34.55%, 52.65%, and 46.94%, respectively, whereas inhibited the transport of HM from flag leaves to panicle, rachis, and grains. Therefore, foliar application of DMSA reduced Cd, Pb, and As accumulation in rice grains by immobilizing HMs in flag leaves. Thus, this strategy could act as a promising agronomic measure for the remediation of mixed HM contamination in paddy fields.

Sludge and biosolids from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), identified as important pathways through which microplastics (MPs) can enter the wider environment, contain high organic content, which can obstruct MP quantification/identification. Time- and cost-effective removal of organics is a significant barrier to MP analysis. This study aims to alleviate these obstacles using a widely available store-bought septic tank cleaner, comprised of enzymes and bacteria. The cleaner was added to sludge samples, obtained from a local WWTP. Digestion was tested across a range of cleaner concentrations and heat treatments, and compared to a control digestion without cleaner. Organic content of samples digested with cleaner was reduced by 93%, representing a 22% greater reduction compared to control samples. Virgin plastic pellets, of a variety of polymers, were subjected to the digestion process and underwent no physical or chemical changes, demonstrating this method does not degrade MPs. As all enzymes were added in a single step, the time required for enzymatic digestion using the cleaner was only two days. Compared to existing methods, which take up to several weeks, this novel enzymatic digestion method offers a viable means of extracting MPs from organic materials without either the long processing times required of chemical (solely Fenton's) methods or high cost of laboratory grade enzyme approaches.

Vegetable production in greenhouses is often associated with the use of excessive amounts of nitrogen (N) fertilizers, low NUE (15–35%), and high N losses along gaseous and hydrological pathways. In this meta-analysis, we assess the effects of application rate, fertilizer type, irrigation, and soil properties on soil N₂O emissions and nitrogen leaching from greenhouse vegetable systems on the basis of 75 studies. Mean ± standard error (SE) N₂O emissions from unfertilized control plots (N₂Ocₒₙₜᵣₒₗ) and N leaching (NLcₒₙₜᵣₒₗ) of greenhouse vegetable systems were 3.2 ± 0.4 and 91 ± 20 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹, respectively, indicating legacy effects due to fertilization in preceding crop seasons. Soil organic carbon concentrations (SOC) and irrigation were significantly positively correlated with NLcₒₙₜᵣₒₗ losses, while other soil properties did not significantly affect N₂Ocₒₙₜᵣₒₗ or NLcₒₙₜᵣₒₗ. The annual mean soil N₂O emission from fertilized greenhouse vegetable systems was 12.0 ± 1.0 kg N₂O–N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ (global: 0.067 Tg N₂O–N yr⁻¹), with N₂O emissions increasing exponentially with fertilization. The mean EFN₂O was 0.85%. The mean annual nitrogen leaching (NL) was 297 ± 22 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ (global: 1.66 Tg N yr⁻¹), with fertilization, irrigation, and SOC explaining 65% of the observed variation. The mean leaching factor across all fertilizer types was 11.9%, but 18.7% for chemical fertilizer. Crop NUE was highest, while N₂O emissions and N leaching were lowest, at fertilizer rates <500 kg N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹. Yield-scaled N₂O emissions (0.05 ± 0.01 kg N₂O–N Mg⁻¹ yr⁻¹) and nitrogen leaching (0.79 ± 0.08 kg N Mg⁻¹ yr⁻¹) were lowest at fertilizer rates <1000 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹. Vegetables are increasingly produced in greenhouses, often under management schemes of extreme fertilization (>1500 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹) and irrigation (>1200 mm yr⁻¹). Our study indicates that high environmental N₂O and N leaching losses can be mitigated by reducing fertilization rates to 500–1000 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ (mean: ∼762 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹) without jeopardizing yields.

The purpose of this study is to measure and evaluate the effectiveness of environmental advertising related to green marketing by organization. In other words, the researcher seeks to find the success rate of environmental advertising in reducing environmental pollution. The type of goal is an application that has been done by descriptive-survey method. A researcher-made questionnaire was used to collect data. The statistical populations of the study were consumers of environmental friendly goods in Tehran. Confirmatory factor analysis method and SPSS, Version21 and AMOS (2016) software were used for data analysis. The results showed that the models for measuring the research variables are appropriate models. Because the value of Ï2 and the value of RMSEA are low and also the values of AGFI, GFI and NFI are greater than 0.9 and the significance level of factor loads is less than 5%, which indicates the significance of the relationship defined in the measurement models. Also, the effect of communication stimuli on the cognitive and emotional response of consumers and then the effect of content stimuli on the cognitive and emotional response of users in this study has the highest influence. However, neither content nor communication stimuli have influenced consumer attitudes.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the physicochemical properties of downstream water of Aras river dams. Sampling was performed from early 2018-2019 in selected stations. Heavy metals were measured by atomic absorption spectrometry. Nitrate, nitrite and total dissolved solids concentrations were also measured by spectrophotometer. Concentrations of Ca, Na and K were measured with a Flame Photometer and the rest were measured with specialized devices. The results showed that the lowest electrical conductivity in the measured samples was 0.789 and the highest was 4.346 µs/cm, which basically indicates the high limit of soil and water for irrigation of plants. On the other hand, total solids with 1211 ppm indicate a moderate limit for salinity. Also; regarding pH, the average recorded for the study area is 8.17, which is within the national permissible and standard range of the world health organization. Nitrate and nitrite are both above the permissible and standard range. Potassium is within the permitted and standard range. Calcium, according to the average obtained in the study area (64 ppm) can be said that this parameter is within the allowable and standard range. In the case of lead (0.09 ppb), it can be said that this parameter is within the allowable and standard range. In the case of cadmium (0.8 ppb), it can be said that this parameter is within the allowable and standard range, 3 parameters nitrate, nitrite and TDS have an average higher than the national standard.

The development of nanotechnology and the possible entry of nanoparticles into aquatic environments have raised environmental concerns. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe3O4) loaded on carbon to remove malathion in order to evaluate the toxicity potential of nanoparticles in aqueous environments. We examined the characteristics of iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe3O4) using XRD refraction, Fourier irradiated spectroscopy (FTIR), the catalytic activity of iron nanoparticles for activation of persulfate, and malathion decomposition. Moreover, we assessed the influence of effective parameters on this process, such as pH, persulfate concentration, and the number of iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe3O4). The results showed that 82% of malathion was decomposed by the combined process of iron oxide nanoparticles loaded on carbon at pH=5 and 0.4 g of iron nanoparticles in 60 minutes. Additionally, according to the results obtained from the advanced oxidation processes, it was able to optimally remove malathion from the aquatic environment. This study revealed that nanoparticle stabilization technology on activated carbon could be used as an effective, efficient, and fast adsorbent to remove certain contaminants, such as malathion, from aqueous solutions. Although the combination of processes may complicate their analysis and mechanism, the study of this process could be a promising emergence of hybrid processes in water and wastewater treatment. In general, the results of this study relatively indicated that the physicochemical properties of nanoparticles, such as size, shape, surface, general morphology, and chemical composition, in different environmental conditions can significantly affect carbon in removing the malathion

. Benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene and xylene (BTEX) are major causes of contaminated soil. This is due to fuel leakages or spillages, various forms hydrocarbon burning/combustion and land disposal petroleum base oil. Contaminated soil samples were excavated from two different locations within Ilorin metropolis; pipelines and products marketing company, a Nigerian petroleum depot, Ilorin depot and auto mechanic workshop of over ten years. Steam enhanced extraction method was employed through injection of steam to contaminated soil from steam generator into soil pot where contaminated soil was placed. After the remediation process the steam soil samples were taken to the laboratory where the sonication extraction technique was used to extract the contaminants (BTEX) from the steamed soil samples of 30, 60 and 90 minutes respectively. The extract from the steamed soil samples of 30, 60 and 90 minutes were subjected Gas Chromatography fitted with flame ionization detector analysis to determine the exact amount of BTEX removed after remediation process. Pre-treated soil sample of auto mechanics workshop was found to be 4.5004 x 10-1 mg/kg and post-treated soil samples were found to be 1.8164 x10-1 mg/kg, 8.7519 x10-1 mg/kg and 5.7006 x10-2 mg/kg for 30, 60 and 90 minutes respectively after remediation process while Pre-treated soil sample of a Nigerian petroleum depot was found to be 6.6049 x 10-1 mg/kg and post-treated soil samples were found to be 2.9320 x10-1 mg/kg, 1.9855 x10-1 mg/kg and 1.0237 x10-1 mg/kg for 30, 60 and 90 minutes respectively after remediation process

Existing conditions for locating urban equipment and facilities require a set of limiting and reinforcing factors. Interaction of environmental, industrial, social and political changes in our rapid growth adds to the complexity of regional systems. Locating takes place by various methods, in which the priority is the application of modern methods leading to reduced uncertainty. The present study aimed to select the best location using nine criteria (slope, distance from fault, distance from river, distance from road, and distance from villages, soil type, land use, average temperature, and average rainfall) in GIS software for mapping. Fuzzy logic and fuzzy-analytical hierarchy process (FAHP) model were applied to reduce location uncertainty. The accuracy of the results was checked using field data, in which six stations designated for the establishment of industrial estates in the study area were compared with the results of the FAHP model. The results of FAHP model in GIS software and their validation showed that the proposed model has excellent capabilities in locating industrial estates.

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