The majority of farm households in Turkey and especially the Eastern Anatolia are still based on low-input semi subsistence agriculture and livestock production. Despite a slow decline in recent years, agriculture and livestock production remains a major employer in Turkey and it is a significant contributor to the country’s gross domestic product, GDP. Whist Turkey is one of the EU candidate countries, is self sufficient in food production and Turkish agriculture is poorly structured inefficient, with farming in the Eastern Anatolia being mainly subsistence farming. Yet, these traditional rural structures combined with poor access to low level of education and low level of off-farm unemployment problem makes the situation more complicated and unsustainable. The best way to promote sustainability, better and higher production of Eastern Anatolian and rural Turkey is to invest in the local people, villages through improved, continuing and effective agricultural and livestock programs in particular. Investment in human capital especially in the rural areas leads to more employment opportunities through entrepreneurship and innovation in organic agriculture and livestock production. A holistic approach to developing and improving supply chains could unlock the potential for sophisticated, state-of-the-art organic agriculture and livestock producers and businesses in the region to become EU and global players. Eastern Anatolian livestock producers and the farmers have the ambitions to take part in future progress because the region is naturally organic not by design but default. It is for sure that present potential of the region has not been fully determined and utilized. EU has greatly benefited from previous enlargements economically, politically and socially. When European Union (EU) and Turkish Government relations considered and accession of Turkey to EU would be the logical consequence of the previous accessions. The screening on chapter 11 (Agriculture and rural development) is one of the important criteria and Turkey is working on to meet these benchmarks.

The majority of farm households in Turkey and especially the Eastern Anatolia are still based on low-input semi subsistence agriculture and livestock production. Despite a slow decline in recent years, agriculture and livestock production remains a major employer in Turkey and it is a significant contributor to the country’s gross domestic product, GDP. Whist Turkey is one of the EU candidate countries, is self sufficient in food production and Turkish agriculture is poorly structured inefficient, with farming in the Eastern Anatolia being mainly subsistence farming. Yet, these traditional rural structures combined with poor access to low level of education and low level of off-farm unemployment problem makes the situation more complicated and unsustainable. The best way to promote sustainability, better and higher production of Eastern Anatolian and rural Turkey is to invest in the local people, villages through improved, continuing and effective agricultural and livestock programs in particular. Investment in human capital especially in the rural areas leads to more employment opportunities through entrepreneurship and innovation in organic agriculture and livestock production. A holistic approach to developing and improving supply chains could unlock the potential for sophisticated, state-of-the-art organic agriculture and livestock producers and businesses in the region to become EU and global players. Eastern Anatolian livestock producers and the farmers have the ambitions to take part in future progress because the region is naturally organic not by design but default. It is for sure that present potential of the region has not been fully determined and utilized. EU has greatly benefited from previous enlargements economically, politically and socially. When European Union (EU) and Turkish Government relations considered and accession of Turkey to EU would be the logical consequence of the previous accessions. The screening on chapter 11 (Agriculture and rural development) is one of the important criteria and Turkey is working on to meet these benchmarks.

The genus Tricholoma (Fr.) Staude is important in terms of hosting edible and poisonous species. Therefore, in this study, edible and poisonous Tricholoma species are evaluated, edible and valuable species are introduced. Also, poisoning syndromes are examined and discussed.

Se desarrolló una metodología para el establecimiento in vitro e in vivo de Aniba perutilis (comino crespo), árbol colombiano en peligro crítico de extinción. En la primera etapa, se sometieron semillas de este árbol a la acción de los desinfectantes NaOCl, HgCl2 y AgNO3 para su germinación aséptica. Para inducir la formación de brotes se empleó el medio WPM y se evaluó la acción de las fitohormonas BAP, KIN, AIA, ANA y AG3 en diferentes concentraciones. Para la etapa de enraizamiento se emplearon ANA, AIB, y los medios de cultivo MS y WPM, ambos con sales reducidas a la mitad y combinados con diferentes concentraciones de AIA y ANA. En la etapa de multiplicación in vivo se emplearon plántulas establecidas en vivero para evaluar tres tamaños de explantes, categorizados según la distancia desde la base de la planta hasta el ápice: distal (11-14 cm), medio (7 - 8 cm) y basal (3 - 4 cm), con el fin de obtener plantas madres donantes de yemas axilares y mini esquejes para enraizar. En este trabajo se consolida el uso de NaOCl por 15 min como tratamiento óptimo de desinfección, produciendo un porcentaje de supervivencia superior a 60%. El medio WPM suplementado con BAP 3 mg/lt y 1.5 mg/lt de AG3 generó la producción de un promedio de 0.6 brotes/explante con longitud media de 0.82 cm; no obstante, su baja capacidad de enraizamiento permite catalogar esta especie como recalcitrante al cultivo in vitro. En condiciones in vivo, cortes a la altura media de las plantas (7 - 8 cm) promovieron la formación de 1.33 brotes/explante y 75% de enraizamiento en los mini-esquejes, constituyendo una herramienta clave en la propagación de la especie | A methodology for the in vitro and in vivo establishment of Aniba perutilis, a native colombian tree which is currently critically endangered, was performed. In the first stage seeds were treated using NaOCl, HgCl2, and AgNO3 to achieve aseptic germination. In order to induce shoot formation, WPM medium was used and phytohormones BAP, KIN, IAA, NAA and GA3 were evaluated at different concentrations. In the rooting stage NAA and IBA were used in different concentrations and culture media, as well as half-strength MS and WPM mediums combined with different concentrations of IAA and NAA. For in vivo multiplication stage, juvenile plants previously established in nursery were used to evaluate three types of cuts defined by the distance between the base of the plant and where the cut was done: distal (11-14 cm), middle (7-8 cm) and basal (3-4 cm), in order to obtain ‘donor plants’ able to donate axillary buds and mini-cuttings for future rooting. The use of NaOCl for 15 minutes consolidates as optimal disinfection treatment, yielding a survival rate greater than 60%. The WPM medium supplemented with BAP (3 mg/L) and GA3 (1.5 mg/L) allowed the production of 0.6 shoots/explant with an average length of 0.82 cm. However, the low rooting capacity of the explants suggests that this species could be labeled as recalcitrant to in vitro culture. In vivo conditions, cuts made at the middle height of the plants promoted the formation of 1.33 shoots/explant and 75% rooting in mini-cuttings, becoming these results in a key tool for the propagation of the species

Rossioglossum grande (Lindl.) Garay & G.C. Kenn is a Mexican native orchid threatened to extinguish according to the NOM-059-Semarnat-2010. In vitro asymbiotic germination is a conservation tool widely used for threatened orchids. Generate basic knowledge about in vitro response of R. grande was the object of the work, comparing seed germination in Knudson C medium (KC) versus Dalla Rosa y Laneri medium (DR), modified adding iron chelate and coconut water. We distinguished three different stages of culture: the sowing culture (CM) and two subcultivated culture (C1 and C2). Experimental design was totally aleatory. Anova, Tukey’s test (p≤ 0.05) y Chi-square were used to analyze germination variables averages. After 60 days from sowing (CM), seedling was more developed, and in general it had more percentage of green and vital protocorms using DR medium. After 12 months without subcultivate, we assist at regeneration of protocorms in DR medium in a significant way. In the subcultivation C1 and C2 we test similar responses. We assume that use of iron chelate and coconut water improves the protocorms development and their regeneration of R. grande in in vitro conditions. | Rossioglossum grande (Lindl.) Garay & G.C. Kenn es una orquídea nativa mexicana considerada en peli-gro de extinción por la NOM-059-Semarnat-2010. Teniendo en cuenta que la germinación asimbiótica in vitro es una herramienta estratégica para la conservación de orquídeas amenazadas, en este estudio se generó información básica mediante la comparación de la germinación de R. grande en medios Knudson C (KC) y Dalla Rosa y Laneri modificado con quelato de hierro y agua de coco (DR). Para el efecto se utili-zaron un cultivo madre (CM) y dos subcultivos (C1 y C2) y los tratamientos se dispusieron en un diseño experimental totalmente aleatorio. Los resultados se analizaron mediante análisis de varianza y comparación de medias con la prueba de Tukey (P ≤ 0.05) y Chi-cuadrada. A 60 días en el CM el medio de cultivo DR favoreció el desarrollo, la tasa de sobrevivencia y disminuyó la clorosis de los protocormos. A los 12 meses se presentó mayor desarrollo y mayor regeneración de protocormos. En los subcultivos C1 y C2 se registraron resultados similares lo que confirma que el DR acelera el desarrollo de los protocormos e incrementa su tamaño y tasa de regeneración. En síntesis, el empleo de hierro-quelato y agua de coco promueven el desarrollo in vitro de protocormos de R. grande.

In this study, the effects of some herbal wastes such as daphne (Laurus nobilis), thyme (Origanum onites) and cumin (Cuminum cyminum) on the yield of Pleurotus ostreatus were investigated. While compost formula consisted 43% wheat straw+ 43% poplar dust+ 10% wheat bran+ 4% gyps mixture was used as the control group, 20% to 40% of herbal waste was added to this formula in the experiment groups. Total number of mushroom was counted in both the experiment and the control groups. Then, the harvested mushrooms were weighed and morphological features of caps were measured and recorded. As a result of obtained data, while it was detected that compost contained 20% cumin waste had the highest number of primordium (34), the control group had the lowest number of primordium (21 items). The highest biological yield was detected as 35.8% in the group contained 20% cumin waste. The lowest biological yield was detected in the control group with 24.6%.

Physicochemical, structural and thermal analysis of different starch potato grown in Boyacá, Parda Pastusa (P), Tuquerreña (T), ICA Huila (IH), ICA Puracé (IP), ICA Unica (IU), Criolla Latina (C) and R-12 (R) were evaluated. Protein and ashes content were measured using AOAC methods; moisture was obtained by a moisture analyzer, crystal structure by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and thermal properties using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). There are significant differences between starches (p <0.05), grouping them into those with high and low moisture content. Starch IU variety had the highest ash content and the variety T, the smallest. For all samples, the diffractograms show patterns of crystallinity type B. However, the IP starch varieties, P, IU, IH and T show a better crystallinity than those standard varieties C and R. For IP varieties, P, IU, T and IH, the first and second, endothermic peak in the thermograms appear between 123-163 J/g, and 141-213.3 J/g, respectively, while for starch varieties R and C is among 68-77 J/g and 334-358 J/g, respectively. | Utilizando análisis fisicoquímico, estructural y térmico, se evaluaron almidones de las variedades de papa Parda Pastusa (P), Tuquerreña (T), ICA Huila (IH), ICA Puracé (IP), ICA Única (IU), Criolla Latina (C) y R-12 (R), cultivadas en el departamento de Boyacá, Colombia. En cada una de ellas se determinaron los contenidos de ceniza y proteína siguiendo métodos de la AOAC, humedad utilizando un analizador, estructura cristalina mediante difracción de rayos-X (DRX) y propiedades térmicas utilizando calorimetría diferencial de barrido (DSC). Se encontraron diferencias significativas (P < 0.05) entre los contenidos de humedad en almidones. El almidón de la variedad IU presentó el mayor contenido de ceniza y el de la variedad T, el menor. Los difractogramas mostraron para todas las variedades patrones de cristalinidad tipo B; no obstante el almidón de las variedades IP, P, IU, T y IH presentó un patrón más cristalino que el de las variedades C y R. Los termogramas de los almidones mostraron el primer y segundo pico endotérmico, entre 123 y 163 J/g y entre 141 y 213.3 J/g, respectivamente, para las variedades IP, P, IU, T y IH; mientras que para los almidones de las variedades C y R estos valores fueron entre 68 y 77 J/g y entre 334 y 358 J/g, respectivamente.