This study analyses the consciousness levels, attitudes and behaviours of farmers against stubble burning and the damages of stubble burning which is a part of land misuse. 86 farmers from 9 villages in Zile county of Tokat province were surveyed for the study. These data was used to state farmers' socio-demographical characteristics and their behaviours against stubble burning was analysed. According to the study results, 99% of the farmers says that stubble burning is a wrong application. They states that stubble burning causes natural damages and the most importantly it is harmful by 76% to the living creatures in the nature. 57% of them prefers the method of mixing stubble to the soil.

In the Agricultural Mechanics Shop at Texas A&I University in Kingsville (TX), six ethanolgasoline blends (0, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100% ethanol) were used to operated a six-cylinder engine at different operating conditions of air-fuel ratio, timing, load and speed. A main jet the carburator was used for each fuel to obtaining its stoichiometric air-fuel ratio. The main jet diameter was enlarged 1262 times from gasoline to ethanol. To select the optimun timing, timing was varied from Oto 26° BTOC (Before Top Oead Center) and the engine tes1ed at maximun power. The optimun advance timings were respectively 6, 6, 10, 14, 18 and 220 BTOC. It was not necessary to introduce modifications to operate the engine with blends containing upto 20 % ethanol. For blends with more than 20% ethanol, the advance timing (V) and the ethanol conmnt (X), followed the relation V = 2.0 + 02 X. In the last test, the engine was set at the optimun advance timing for each fuel. All the fuels performed in the same way. They followed the s e characteristic curves for power, torque, specific fuel consumption and efficiency with the following differences from gasoline to straight ethanol: maximun power and torque decreased 10.6% and 8.7% respectively; specific fuel consumption and efficiency increased 49% and 5.2%. | En el Taller de Mecánica Agrícola de Texas A&T University en Kingsville (TX), se usaron seis mezclas etanol-gasolina (0,20,40,60,80 y 100% etanol) para operar un motor de seis cilindros variando la razón aire-combustible, avance de encendido, carga y velocidad. Con cada combustible se usó una tobera principal para obtener su razón estequiométrica. De gasolina a etanol el diámetro de la tobera se aumentó 1262 veces. El avance de la chispa se varió entre 0 y 26° APMS (Antes de Punto Muerto Superior). Se seleccionó como óptimo el avance al que el motor desarrolló máxima potencia. Los avances óptimos fueron 6, 6, 10, 14, 18 y 22° APMS. No fue necesario introducir modificaciones para operar el motor con mezclas que contenían hasta 20% etanol. Para mezclas con más de 20 % etanol, el avance de encendido (V) y el contenido de etanol (X), siguieron la relación V = 2.0 + 0.2 X. En la prueba final, el motor se sincronizó con el avance óptimo para cada combustible. En todos los casos, el motor se comportó en igual rma, siguiendo las mismas curvas características de potencia, par torsor, consumo específico de combustible y eficiencia, con las siguientes diferencias de gasolina a etanol: decrecieron la máxima potencia (10.6%) Yel máximo par torsor (8.7%) Y aumentaron el consumo específico de combustible (49%) Y la eficiencia (52%).

There is a high level of forage deficit in Turkey. It is necessary that cultivation and productivity of forage plant should be increase to close forage deficit in a short time, further, pastures should also be improved. Clover genus involves both annual and perennial species, it has some species are grown different soil conditions. Clover species are grown in cool temperate and humid regions have thin stem and abundant leaf, thus, their hay is very nutritive feed for animals. They can use both increasing forage cultivation and pasture improvement in Black Sea Region.

The study sought to determine whether pastoralists have resorted to sale of livestock as a form of insurance against commercialization of cattle rustling in which well structured and managed cartels have organised more intense and frequent cattle raids on pastoralist, and how their decisions have affected their herd size. The study was conducted among the pastoral Baringo community of Kenya. A sample size of 110 households was selected using multi-stage sampling procedures and interviewed using a questionnaire. Binary Probit Model and Ordinary Least Squares were used in the analysis. Results indicated that cattle rustling, particularly in its predatory state significantly contributes to spontaneous sale of livestock even under very low prices that in themselves could be described as raiding. The results further indicated that the number of livestock lost through cattle rustling dominated livestock sale and hence reduced herd size and the numbers of livestock available for sale. The insecurity generated by cattle rustling, coupled with the poor marketing infrastructure make market inaccessible by both buyers and sellers, resulting to increased poverty and dependency amongst the pastoralists. Consequently, pastoralism has become a source of misery rather than source of livelihood.

One of the significant crops in Mediterrenean countries is olive (Olea europaea) and an important amount of this fruit are manufactured for direct human consumption. In this study, table olives were produced from Gemlik type of green and black cultivars that grown in Osmaniye, Turkey by using different salt concentrations (8-14%). By the increase of salt concentrations in brines, moisture contents of olives also increased and moisture values of green and black types ranged between 45.24-54.90% and 46.04-56.53% respectively. Salt contents of olives were in the interval of 1.21-5.22% for green olives and 2.32-5.58% for black olives. It was also established that the diffusivity coefficients (Deff) increased due to increasing salt concentrations and found between 4.38 × 10-8- 6.59 × 10-7 (m2s-1) for green olives and black olives as 3.79 × 10-8 - 3.56 × 10-7 (m2s-1). The lactic acid concentration of green olives was higher than black ones and calculated as between 0.439-0.452% and 0.412-0.441%. On the other hand, it was determined that lactic acid production was higher for Gemlik olives that fermented in 10% and 12% brine solutions in comparison with others. Reducing sugar contents of green olives were lower than black ones and recorded in the gap of 4.76-1.88% and 4.89-2.01% during fermentation process.

The aim of the paper is to demonstrate the technocratic legitimacy (so called input legitimacy) in the case of the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). Compared to other regulatory agencies this institution enjoys high credibility and is considered as a model example of an advisory body to the European Commission providing high-quality scientific opinions. However the question, whether such technocratic validation of EFSA’s activities is sufficient, remains open. It has indeed no regulatory or decision-making powers, but through the legislative activity of the European Commission, which often fully reflects the EFSA’s position, the agency itself participates in the shaping of the European food law. Synopsis. Celem artykułu jest wykazanie uwarunkowań legitymizacji technokratycznej (wynikowej) w przypadku Europejskiego Urzędu ds. Bezpieczeństwa Żywności. Na tle innych agencji regulacyjnych instytucja ta cieszy się dużym zaufaniem i uważana jest za modelowy przykład doradczego gremium Komisji Europejskiej, dostarczającego wysokiej jakości opinii naukowych. Otwartym pozostaje jednak pytanie, czy takie technokratyczne uprawomocnienie działań urzędu jest wystarczające. Nie ma on wprawdzie ani uprawnień regulacyjnych, ani decyzyjnych, ale za pośrednictwem projektów legislacyjnych Komisji Europejskiej, które niejednokrotnie w pełni odzwierciedlają stanowisko urzędu, uczestniczy w kształtowaniu europejskiego prawa żywnościowego.

In Ethiopia, the national agricultural research system has been generating and disseminating different agricultural technologies since its establishment in 1966. Although these technologies are meant to increase agricultural productivity, they have to be evaluated for their impact on production and for the benefit that the farmers get out of them. Hence, the main objectives of this study were to examine the impact of technological innovations on wheat production and to decompose the total change in wheat output resulting from the introduction of new technologies into its constituent parts. Cobb-Douglas production function was employed to estimate the regression coefficients under old variety growers, new variety growers, and pooled data cases. Output decomposition model was applied to decompose the total change in output into its constituent parts. The econometric results of this study indicated that, out of 55% of the observed productivity difference between old and new variety grown plots, technological change and change in associated input levels contributed about 24% and 31%, respectively. Of the 31% increment attributed to input use levels, an increased use of herbicides and fertilizers caused the biggest jump in the productivity of improved wheat varieties (15.5% and 11% respectively). The major implications included the need to exploit the full potential of new varieties using recommended input levels, strengthening the research system, fostering coordinated efforts among various actors in agricultural development, and strengthening the technology instrument in rural development and poverty reduction strategies of the country.

En condiciones de campo en la Universidad Nacional de Colombia sede Palmira (950 m.s.n.m., 24°C y 75% de humedad relativa) se evaluó la respuesta fotosintética de cuatro clones de Eucalyptus grandis (28-3, 18-3, 24A-5, 19-1) al estrés hídrico: capacidad de campo (1 cc), 0.5 cc, 0.25 cc y a la saturación de agua e intensidades lumínicas variables de 1500, 1000, 500, 250, y 0 µmol/m²/s en el primer ensayo y de 1500, 1000, 435, 87, 70, 52, 35, 26, y 0 µmol/m²/s en el segundo. En ambos estudios, se utilizó un diseño experimental de parcelas divididas con cuatro repeticiones, donde la parcela principal correspondió al nivel de humedad en el suelo y la subparcela a los clones. El análisis estadístico mostró que E. grandis reduce la tasa de fotosíntesis de manera significativa cuando se presenta estrés hídrico en el suelo y que el grado de la respuesta depende del clon, lo que sugiere la presencia de mecanismos fisiológicos dependientes del genotipo para responder al estrés hídrico. Se presentaron curvas de luz típicas con puntos de compensación bajos (0.9 - 7.0 µmol/m²/s), tasas de fotosíntesis altas (68 - 39 µmol CO2 /m²/s) y alta eficiencia fotosintética (0.0003 - 0.0086 mol CO2 /mol luz) | At the Universidad Nacional de Colombia Sede Palmira (950 m, 24 °C and 75% RH) two experiments were established to assess the photosynthetic response of four clones of Eucalyptus grandis to water stress and its response to light intensity. In both cases the experimental design was a split plot with 16 treatments (4 levels of water and 4 clons) and four replications. The main plot corresponded to the water level and the clones were located in the sub - plots. Statistical analysis of the data indicates that the E. grandis reduces its photosynthesis rate in response to soil water stress, which depends also on the clone. This suggests the presence of physiological mechanisms depending on each genotype. Typical light curves with low compensation points were presented (0.9 - 7.0 µmol/m²/s), high photosynthetic rates (68 - 39 µmol CO2 /m²/s) and high photosynthetic efficiency (0.0003 to 0.0086 mol CO2 / mol of light)

At the Universidad Nacional de Colombia Sede Palmira (950 m, 24 °C and 75% RH) two experiments were established to assess the photosynthetic response of four clones of Eucalyptus grandis to water stress and its response to light intensity. In both cases the experimental design was a split plot with 16 treatments (4 levels of water and 4 clons) and four replications. The main plot corresponded to the water level and the clones were located in the sub – plots. Statistical analysis of the data indicates that the E. grandis reduces its photosynthesis rate in response to soil water stress, which depends also on the clone. This suggests the presence of physiological mechanisms depending on each genotype. Typical light curves with low compensation points were presented (0.9 – 7.0 µmol/m2/s), high photosynthetic rates (68 – 39 µmol CO2 /m2/s) and high photosynthetic efficiency (0.0003 to 0.0086 mol CO2 / mol of light). | En condiciones de campo en la Universidad Nacional de Colombia sede Palmira (950 m.s.n.m., 24°C y 75% de humedad relativa) se evaluó la respuesta fotosintética de cuatro clones de Eucalyptus grandis (28–3, 18–3, 24A–5, 19–1) al estrés hídrico: capacidad de campo (1 cc), 0.5 cc, 0.25 cc y a la saturación de agua e intensidades lumínicas variables de 1500, 1000, 500, 250, y 0 µmol/m2/s en el primer ensayo y de 1500, 1000, 435, 87, 70, 52, 35, 26, y 0 µmol/m2/s en el segundo. En ambos estudios, se utilizó un diseño experimental de parcelas divididas con cuatro repeticiones, donde la parcela principal correspondió al nivel de humedad en el suelo y la subparcela a los clones. El análisis estadístico mostró que E. grandis reduce la tasa de fotosíntesis de manera significativa cuando se presenta estrés hídrico en el suelo y que el grado de la respuesta depende del clon, lo que sugiere la presencia de mecanismos fisiológicos dependientes del genotipo para responder al estrés hídrico. Se presentaron curvas de luz típicas con puntos de compensación bajos (0.9 – 7.0 µmol/m2/s), tasas de fotosíntesis altas (68 – 39 µmol CO2 /m2/s) y alta eficiencia fotosintética (0.0003 – 0.0086 mol CO2 /mol luz).