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Water distribution and mobility in food during microwave vacuum drying studied by magnetic resonance 全文
2004
Regier, M. | Knörzer, K. | Schubert, H. | Schuchmann, H.P.
Modification of water vapour transfer rate of low density polyethylene films for food packaging
2004
Dirim, S.N. | Ozden, H.O. | Bayindirli, A. | Esin, A.
One of the most common materials used for packaging is low density polyethylene film. To improve the water vapour transfer of the film, zeolite¡polymer composite films and perforated films are produced. The solid-low density polyethylene composite films were prepared by extrusion of polyethylene beads coated with hot zeolite particles of a definite size range in an industrial extruder (-420/+212, -212/+106, -106/+53 microparticles/g of polyethylene beads). A needle (0.2, 0.5 and 1.75 mm in diameter) attached to the tip of a soldering gun was used for the production of the perforated polyethylene films (1, 3, 6, 12, 18 and 24 holes per 38.5 cm2). The overall evaluation indicates that the water vapour transfer rates can be modified by the composite and the perforated films, which provides packaging material variety for foods of different moisture content. The solid- polyethylene composite films showed less permeability to water vapour than the polyethylene film. This may be attributed to two reasons: the available polyethylene area is reduced by the presence of solid particles and these solid particles have an important sorption property. The water vapour transfer rates increased by the perforated films.
显示更多 [+] 显示较少 [-]Is water scarcity a real constraint for meeting the future food requirements of Pakistan?
2004
Ahmed, S. | Shakoor, A. | Kaleem Ullah, M. | Aghar, M.N.
Water for food, health and livelihoods: providing for the disadvantaged in times of scarcity
2004
Rijsberman, Frank | Silva, Sanjiv de
Water management options for food security in South Africa: scenarios, simulations and policy implications
2004
Kamara, Abdul B. | Sally, Hilmy
Assessing food quality in farmer participatory varietal selection of Water Yam (Dioscorea alata L.) 全文
2004
r. asiedu | r.* dossou | e. n'kpenu | a. y. alhassan | e.* otoo | c. n.* egesi | c. a. echekwu | k. zoupoya | c. okonkwo
C. Okonkwo et al., 'Assessing food quality in farmer participatory varietal selection of Water Yam (Dioscorea alata L.)', 2004
显示更多 [+] 显示较少 [-]Investing in water for food, ecosystems and livelihoods. Blue paper. Discussion draft. Stockholm 2004
2004
David, S. | Fraiture, Charlotte de
ATP - bioluminescence as a technique to evaluate the microbiological quality of water in food industry 全文
2004
Patrícia Dolabela Costa | Nélio José de Andrade | Frederico José Vieira Passos | Sebastião César Cardoso Brandão | Carolina Gonçalves Freire Rodrigues
ATP - bioluminescence as a technique to evaluate the microbiological quality of water in food industry 全文
2004
Patrícia Dolabela Costa | Nélio José de Andrade | Frederico José Vieira Passos | Sebastião César Cardoso Brandão | Carolina Gonçalves Freire Rodrigues
ATP-bioluminescence was used to evaluate the microbiological quality of water samples collected from the water supply, the water treatment system and from a dairy plant, including ammonia-cooling water and industrial water. For industrial water, there was relation between the ATP-bioluminescence technique and microbial count. There were no differences (p>0.05) between water supply and ammonia-cooling water samples for total and free ATP concentrations nor for the microbial counts. Different microbial ATP concentrations were found for these water samples. The results suggested that the physical chemical quality of ammonia cooling water decreased the RLU measurements slightly. It could be concluded that the total ATP concentration was the most effective technique to evaluate the microbiological quality of water used in the food indsutry by ATP-bioluminescence.<br>A qualidade microbiológica da água do manancial de captação para tratamento na ETA/UFV, da água de resfriamento de amônia e da água industrial de uso em um laticínio foi avaliada pela técnica de ATP-bioluminescência. Nas águas, foram efetuadas, também, as contagens de mesófilos aeróbios, expressos em UFC.mL-1 e coliformes totais, expressos em NMP.100 mL-1. Foi utilizado um luminômetro para os testes de determinação de ATP total e livre, expressos em Unidades Relativas de Luz (URL), nas diversas águas. O ATP microbiano foi determinado pela diferença entre o ATP total e livre. Em relação à água industrial, houve a concordância entre os métodos de bioluminescência e de contagem de mesófilos aeróbios e coliformes totais. As amostras de água de manancial e de resfriamento não apresentaram diferença (p>0,05), pelo teste de Tukey, para as quantidades de ATP total, livre e também para as contagens microbianas. Constataram-se concentrações diferentes de ATP microbiano para essas amostras de água. Os resultados indicam que o teste de ATP total é o mais recomendado para avaliar a qualidade microbiológica da água e sugerem que a qualidade físico-química da mesma pode afetar a formação de luz.
显示更多 [+] 显示较少 [-]ATP - bioluminescence as a technique to evaluate the microbiological quality of water in food industry 全文
2004
Costa, Patrícia Dolabela(Universidade Federal de Viçosa Departamento de Tecnologia de Alimentos) | Andrade, Nélio José de(Universidade Federal de Viçosa Departamento de Tecnologia de Alimentos) | Passos, Frederico José Vieira(Universidade Federal de Viçosa Departamento de Tecnologia de Alimentos) | Brandão, Sebastião César Cardoso(Universidade Federal de Viçosa Departamento de Tecnologia de Alimentos) | Rodrigues, Carolina Gonçalves Freire(Universidade Federal de Viçosa Departamento de Tecnologia de Alimentos)
ATP-bioluminescence was used to evaluate the microbiological quality of water samples collected from the water supply, the water treatment system and from a dairy plant, including ammonia-cooling water and industrial water. For industrial water, there was relation between the ATP-bioluminescence technique and microbial count. There were no differences (p>0.05) between water supply and ammonia-cooling water samples for total and free ATP concentrations nor for the microbial counts. Different microbial ATP concentrations were found for these water samples. The results suggested that the physical chemical quality of ammonia cooling water decreased the RLU measurements slightly. It could be concluded that the total ATP concentration was the most effective technique to evaluate the microbiological quality of water used in the food indsutry by ATP-bioluminescence. | A qualidade microbiológica da água do manancial de captação para tratamento na ETA/UFV, da água de resfriamento de amônia e da água industrial de uso em um laticínio foi avaliada pela técnica de ATP-bioluminescência. Nas águas, foram efetuadas, também, as contagens de mesófilos aeróbios, expressos em UFC.mL-1 e coliformes totais, expressos em NMP.100 mL-1. Foi utilizado um luminômetro para os testes de determinação de ATP total e livre, expressos em Unidades Relativas de Luz (URL), nas diversas águas. O ATP microbiano foi determinado pela diferença entre o ATP total e livre. Em relação à água industrial, houve a concordância entre os métodos de bioluminescência e de contagem de mesófilos aeróbios e coliformes totais. As amostras de água de manancial e de resfriamento não apresentaram diferença (p>0,05), pelo teste de Tukey, para as quantidades de ATP total, livre e também para as contagens microbianas. Constataram-se concentrações diferentes de ATP microbiano para essas amostras de água. Os resultados indicam que o teste de ATP total é o mais recomendado para avaliar a qualidade microbiológica da água e sugerem que a qualidade físico-química da mesma pode afetar a formação de luz.
显示更多 [+] 显示较少 [-]Bangladesh: Boosting food security for poor farmers: Netrakona integrated agricultural production and water management project 全文
2004
This document presents the key findings of the evaluation of an integrated agricultural production and water management project implemented by IFAD in Netrakona district, in northern Bangladesh. The aim of this eight-year project was to boost the incomes and food security of small farm households and arrest their decline into marginalisation and landlessness.Outcomes of the project include: sustainable changes have been brought about by the projectimpact surveys show that 85% of respondents now use the skills and knowledge they received from training and will continue to do sobetween 1995 and 2000 the amount of land used to grow vegetables increased by 186% from 2,750 to 8,950 hectaresnew training and community centres facilitate communication on marketing issues or availability of social servicesimplementation was not participatory: greater expertise in participatory development and group mobilisation is needed in future projects of this kindthe potential for livestock development should be given higher priority and where NGOs are involved in government projects more effective coordination between the two is vital.Key insights from the evaluation include:lack of credit for small farmers is a constraint to agricultural development and needs strengtheningparticipation is the key to people-centred development yet it was understood differently by various partners. Greater expertise and knowledge of participatory development and social mobilisation during the planning stages would ensure that sound concepts and implementation strategies are adopted from the outsetstronger project design such as the flexibility to modify project activities during implementation, if necessary, would ensure greater impact.[adapted from author]
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