This publication is a product of an ongoing collaborative research project between the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) and the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). The project aims to introduce dryland crops into the updated IMPACT model and undertake strategic analysis of future opportunities and challenges for SAT agriculture. We would like to extend our sincere thanks to Mark Rosegrant, for providing the necessary background material for the training workshop from which this technical manual has been developed. Special thanks are to Siet Meijer for sharing her experience and offering the training at ICRISAT Patancheru (India), which was very useful in introducing the different variants of the IMPACT model to ICRISAT staff. We also appreciate the coordination and cooperation rendered by our staff to make the training program a success. We thank the Learning System Unit for providing us the necessary logistical support for the training.

The report highlights key facts, conditions and trends regarding water internationally. It explores water's relationship to sustainable food production and consumption patterns. It also highlights key water-food-nutrition-environment-livelihood trends, provides response options, and illustrates important policy directions.Five key issues for policy debate are identified within the report: increasing water productivity in both rain fed and irrigated areas will require a combination of agronomic, economic and social interventions facilitating the diffusion and use of new technologies for increasing water productivity will depend on providing incentives to producers, further research and making technological development socially acceptable identifying and influencing unsustainable consumption patterns will need to account for the complex mix of social forces that influence food preferences the protection of aquatic ecosystems against water depletion implies an urgent need for the identification of minimum ecological service criteria identifying unsustainable agricultural subsidies and trade barriers will help to establish the degree to which free trade can help to solve regional food deficiency problems Highlighting the links between production, nutrition, ecology and poverty, the report illustrates how production patterns, consumption patterns and consumer preferences have synergistic relationships and must therefore be contended with concurrently. It emphasises the need for a fundamental change in the thinking about water use so that: its impact on agricultural productivity can be increased water use for food, nutrition and livelihood security can be promoted consumption patterns that support sustainable production can be promoted water can be co-managed to meet both agricultural and ecosystem demands a strong poverty focus can be developed through the promotion of low-cost technologies and management The report identifies two basic challenges in meeting these aims. First, a better understanding of the relationship between managed "environmental flows" and ecosystem health must be grasped. Second, creating the institutional mechanism to incorporate these environmental flows into management regimes should be implemented.This working document was produced by the Stockholm International Water Institute (SIWI) and the International Water Management Institute (IWMI) for a side event organised by the Swedish Government at the 12th Session of the Commission on Sustainable Development (CSD), New York, April 2004.

7 pages, 4 figures, 5 tables.-- PMID: 15382852 [PubMed].-- Printed version published Aug, 15, 2004. | An integrated study encompassing the distribution of organochlorine compounds (OC) in water, food web (chironomids, terrestrial insects, cladocerans, mollusks, and cyanobacteria), and fish (brown trout) from a high mountain lake (Redon, Pyrenees) is reported. OC distributions in these compartments have been determined to assess their transport routes into fish. Food diets have been estimated by analysis of fish stomach content and food web stable isotopes (δ13C and δ15N). OCs with octanol−water partition coefficient (Kow) higher than 106 showed lower concentra tions in food than expected from theoretical octanol−water partition, indicating that the distribution of these compounds does not reach equilibrium within the life span of the food web organisms (ca. 1 year). On the other hand, the degree of biomagnification in fish increased with Kow, except in the case of the largest compound analyzed (seven chlorine substituents, PCB #180). OC exchange at fish gill and gut has been evaluated using a fugacity model based on the water, food, and fish concentrations. All compounds exhibited a net gill loss and a net gut uptake. A pseudostationary state was only achieved for compounds with log(Kow) < 6. Calculation of fish average residence times for the compounds in apparent steady state gave values of days to a few weeks for HCHs, 1 year for HCB and 4,4‘-DDE, and 2−3 years for 4,4‘-DDT and PCB#28 and PCB#52. Residence times longer than one decade were found for the more chlorinated PCB. | Financial support from the EU projects EUROLIMPACS (GOCE-CT-2003-505540) and EMERGE (EVK1-CT-1999-00032) and ACA-CIRIT (Generalitat de Catalunya). | Peer reviewed

Environmental analyst Lester R. Brown documents the ways In which human demands are outstripping the earth's natural capacities--and how the resulting environmental damage is undermining food production.--From publisher description.

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The spawning season and food habits of the deep-water stomato-pod crustacean Squilloides leptosquilla (Squillidae) were examined using samples collected on board the small-scale bottom trawlers in Kagoshima Bay, southern Japan. From the reproductive analyses, the size at sexual maturity of female S. leptosquilla was estimated to be 10 mm in carapace length and the spawning season was estimated to continue from May to September with a peak during July and September. Gut analysis showed that this species is a typical carnivore and mainly ate shrimps, especially the deep-water mud shrimp Solenocera melantho which is one of the most important target species for the small-scale bottom trawlers in Kagoshima Bay.