Resumo: Os ecossistemas marinhos, devido à fragilidade e vulnerabilidade destes ambientes, enfrentam crescentes ameaças oriundas das atividades antrópicas e mudanças climáticas, ocasionando desequilíbrios na sua dinâmica natural. Penha é um município do estado de Santa Catarina com intenso fluxo de turistas e importante contribuição nacional na produção de mexilhões. A Enseada da Armação do Itapocoroy, local de estudo, cultiva o mexilhão da espécie Perna perna. Visando avaliar as condições da qualidade da água, sedimento e emissão de gases de efeito estufa (GEE) na zona de maricultura da Enseada da Armação do Itapocoroy, e a influência antrópica na região, foi realizada uma campanha de coleta de dados e amostras ambientais em fevereiro de 2019 em 6 diferentes pontos ao longo da enseada, sendo 3 pontos equivalentes aos de cultivo de mexilhões e 3 pontos de controle. Os parâmetros de qualidade da água e de sedimento analisados apresentaram concentrações inferiores aos limites estabelecidos pela Resolução Conama 357/2005. A avaliação de impacto ambiental na forma de gases de efeito estufa (GEE) demonstrou não haver diferença entre pontos de cultivo e os de controles nos fluxos de metano (CH4), dióxido de carbono (CO2) e óxido nitroso (N2O). Desse modo, os resultados deste estudo sugerem que as atividades antrópicas na região não ocasionam impacto ambiental na Enseada de Itapocoroy. ? Abstract: Marine ecosystems, due to their fragility and vulnerability, are facing increase threats from anthropic activities and climate change, what provokes imbalances in their natural dynamics. The municipality of Penha, state of Santa Catarina, has an intense tourist flow and an important national contribution in the production of mussels. The study site, Armação do Itapocoroy, has areas with mollusk farming of the species Perna perna. A single campaign was conducted to collect data and materials in February, 2019 at 6 different points, being 3 with and 3 without mollusk farming. Water quality, sediment and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions were evaluated at the sampling points of the Armação do Itapocoroy to analyze the anthropic influence in the region. Water and sediment quality parameters analyzed were lower than the limits established by ConamaResolution 357/2005. The environmental impact assessment in the form of greenhouse gases (GHG) showed no difference between cultivation points and control ones to methane (CH4), carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrous oxide (N2O) fluxes. Thus, the results of this study suggest that the anthropogenic activities in the region do not cause environmental impact in the Armação do Itapocoroy.

This study examined the relative importance of climate change and drinking-water treatment for gastrointestinal illness incidence in children (age <5 years) from period 2046–2065 compared to 1991–2010. The northern Wisconsin (USA) study focused on municipalities distributing untreated groundwater. A time-series analysis first quantified the observed (1991–2010) precipitation and gastrointestinal illness associations after controlling for seasonality and temporal trends. Precipitation likely transported pathogens into drinking-water sources or into leaking water-distribution networks. Building on observed relationships, the second analysis projected how climate change and drinking-water treatment installation may alter gastrointestinal illness incidence. Future precipitation values were modeled by 13 global climate models and three greenhouse-gas emissions levels. The second analysis was rerun using three pathways: (1) only climate change, (2) climate change and the same slow pace of treatment installation observed over 1991–2010, and (3) climate change and the rapid rate of installation observed over 2011–2016. The results illustrate the risks that climate change presents to small rural groundwater municipalities without drinking water treatment. Climate-change-related seasonal precipitation changes will marginally increase the gastrointestinal illness incidence rate (mean: ∼1.5%, range: −3.6–4.3%). A slow pace of treatment installation somewhat decreased precipitation-associated gastrointestinal illness incidence (mean: ∼3.0%, range: 0.2–7.8%) in spite of climate change. The rapid treatment installation rate largely decreases the gastrointestinal illness incidence (mean: ∼82.0%, range: 82.0–83.0%).

Groundwater resources in Queensland (Australia) have been depleting in many aquifers for the last 100 years and natural recharge processes are not replenishing these resources at the rate of extraction. At the same time, the need to address carbon emissions to reach global climate-change targets is becoming increasingly recognised. Plentiful deep fresh groundwater is available but is difficult, and typically uneconomical, to access due to the high costs of borehole drilling and completion. The emerging concept of ‘enhanced water recovery’ (EWR) hypothesises that carbon dioxide (CO₂) injection into the deep aquifers will increase pressure, making groundwater more easily available at shallower depths across a broad region while simultaneously contributing to a reduction in CO₂ emissions. One example where this has been proposed is in the Great Artesian Basin’s Surat Basin in Queensland. The findings from a series of focus groups held with different stakeholders, including agricultural producers, rural residents, and urban residents, demonstrate how different groups perceived the risks and benefits of injecting CO₂ as part of the carbon capture and storage (CCS) process to raise borehole water levels. The paper discusses the trade-offs that the different stakeholder groups found more acceptable. The significance of this research is that it will be the first to publish public responses to an emerging technology that has the potential to provide multiple benefits in terms of climate-change mitigation and groundwater use.

This study investigates the occurrence of greenhouse gases (GHGs) and the role of groundwater as an indirect pathway of GHG emissions into surface waters in a gaining stretch of the Triffoy River agricultural catchment (Belgium). To this end, nitrous oxide (N₂O), methane (CH₄) and carbon dioxide (CO₂) concentrations, the stable isotopes of nitrate, and major ions were monitored in river and groundwater over 8 months. Results indicated that groundwater was strongly oversaturated in N₂O and CO₂ with respect to atmospheric equilibrium (50.1 vs. 0.55 μg L⁻¹ for N₂O and 14,569 vs. 400 ppm for CO₂), but only marginally for CH₄ (0.45 vs. 0.056 μg L⁻¹), suggesting that groundwater can be a source of these GHGs to the atmosphere. Nitrification seemed to be the main process for the accumulation of N₂O in groundwater. Oxic conditions prevailing in the aquifer were not prone for the accumulation of CH₄. In fact, the emissions of CH₄ from the river were one to two orders of magnitude higher than the inputs from groundwater, meaning that CH₄ emissions from the river were due to CH₄ in-situ production in riverbed or riparian zone sediments. For CO₂ and N₂O, average emissions from groundwater were 1.5 × 10⁵ kg CO₂ ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ and 207 kg N₂O ha⁻¹ year⁻¹, respectively. Groundwater is probably an important source of N₂O and CO₂ in gaining streams but when the measures are scaled at catchment scale, these fluxes are probably relatively modest. Nevertheless, their quantification would better constrain nitrogen and carbon budgets in natural systems.

This report presents the World Bank Group's experience in climate and disaster resilient development and contends that it is essential to eliminate extreme poverty and achieve shared prosperity by 2030. The report argues for closer collaboration between the climate resilience and disaster risk management communities through the incorporation of climate and disaster resilience into broader development processes. Selected case studies are used to illustrate promising approaches, lessons learned, and remaining challenges all in contribution to the loss and damage discussions under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The introduction provides an overview of the UNFCCC and also introduces key concepts and definitions relevant to climate and disaster resilient development. Section two describes the impacts of globally increasing weather-related disasters in recent decades. Section three summarizes how the World Bank Group's goals to end extreme poverty and boost shared prosperity are expected to be affected by rising disaster losses in a changing climate. Section four discusses the issue of attribution in weather-related disasters, and the additional start-up costs involved in climate and disaster resilient development. Section five builds upon the processes and instruments developed by the climate resilience and the disaster risk management communities of practice to provide some early lessons learned in this increasingly merging field. Section six highlights case studies and emerging good practices in climate and disaster resilient development. Section seven concludes the report, summarizing key lessons learned and identifying potential gaps and avenues for future work. | En el informe “Crear resiliencia mediante la integración de los riesgos climáticos y de desastre en el proceso de desarrollo” se muestra por qué es esencial desarrollar la resiliencia al clima para poder alcanzar los objetivos del Grupo del Banco Mundial de poner fin a la pobreza extrema y promover la prosperidad compartida. En este resumen ejecutivo se hace un llamado a la comunidad internacional del desarrollo a trabajar en diversas disciplinas y sectores con el propósito de generar una mayor resiliencia de largo plazo, reducir los riesgos y evitar mayores costos en el futuro. Se hace hincapié en la necesidad de crear instituciones y dotarlas de los medios para emprender la continua labor que se requiere para lograr un desarrollo en que se tenga en cuenta la resiliencia al clima y a los desastres. Al destacar las mejores prácticas, el informe muestra cómo los instrumentos financieros y los programas de intervención, sumados a la experiencia y conocimientos especializados en preparación para casos de desastre adquiridos durante décadas, están ayudando a las naciones a prepararse para un mundo más expuesto a los cambios. Asimismo, en el informe se reconoce que un desarrollo con tales características tiene costos iniciales adicionales, que se amortizan en el largo plazo si se actúa correctamente. En este contexto, el informe propugna una colaboración más estrecha entre las comunidades responsables de crear resiliencia al clima y las encargadas de administrar los riesgos de desastre, y la incorporación de la resiliencia al clima y a los desastres en los procesos de desarrollo en sentido más amplio. Presenta estudios de casos seleccionados para mostrar algunos enfoques promisorios, las lecciones aprendidas y los desafíos que aún existen. | Le présent rapport explique pourquoi le renforcement de la résistance aux chocs climatiques est une condition essentielle à la réalisation des objectifs du Groupe de la Banque mondiale — mettre fin à la pauvreté extrême et promouvoir une prospérité partagée — et pourquoi il devrait constituer la clé de voûte du programme mondial de développement. À défaut d’aider les pays, les régions et les villes pauvres et vulnérables à se préparer et à s’adapter aux risques climatiques actuels et futurs, nous risquons de mettre en péril des décennies d’acquis du développement. Nous espérons que ce rapport, en s’appuyant sur l’expérience de la Banque mondiale en matière de résistance aux chocs climatiques et de préparation aux catastrophes naturelles, contribuera utilement au débat international en cours sur les moyens de lutte contre les pertes et les dommages occasionnés par le changement climatique. Le rapport reconnaît cependant qu’un tel développement exige au départ des financements supplémentaires qui s’avéreront rentables à long terme si les choses sont faites correctement. Dans ce contexte, le rapport préconise un renforcement de la collaboration entre les collectivités engagées dans l’application de mesures de résistance aux chocs climatiques et de gestion des risques de catastrophe, ainsi que l’intégration de ces mesures dans le cadre plus large de leurs processus de développement. Le rapport s’appuie sur diverses études de cas pour illustrer les démarches prometteuses, les enseignements tirés de l’expérience et les difficultés qui restent à surmonter. Le rapport entend contribuer au débat engagé dans le cadre de la Convention-cadre des Nations Unies sur les changements climatiques au sujet des pertes et des préjudices liés aux effets néfastes des changements climatiques. Il s’adresse principalement aux professionnels du développement et aux décideurs nationaux qui doivent composer avec le défi posé par une aggravation possible des catastrophes causées par l’évolution graduelle des conditions climatiques moyennes et extrêmes.