This publication provides guidance to water-sector decision makers and planners on how to deal with the quality dimension of groundwater resources management in the World Bank's client countries. There is growing evidence of increasing pollution threats to groundwater and some well-documented cases of irreversible damage to important aquifers. This guide has been produced in the belief that groundwater pollution hazard assessment must become an essential part of environmental best practice for water supply utilities. The guide is particularly relevant for the World Bank's Latin American and Caribbean Region, where many countries have initiated major changes to modernize their institutional and legal framework for water resources management, but may not yet have considered groundwater at the same level as surface water, because of lack of awareness and knowledge of groundwater issues and policy options.

This study examines how environmental issues have been addressed in the water sector in Brazil, within the context of activities of the Federal Government, generally, and those implemented under Bank sector operations, in particular. The core focus of the study lies in the management of water quality, as it affects both the users of raw water, and those who are primarily concerned with the disposal of wastewater. The report considers the following three sectoral areas concomitantly - water resources management, water supply and sanitation, and, the environment - thus limiting its review, and focus to those themes which are key to the over-arching issue of water quality. Water resources management in the country relied upon heavy investments in medium, and large scale projects that provided basic infrastructure for water uses. However, these have produced questionable impacts in terms of reducing poverty, and inequality. One of the reasons for this, has been the poor infrastructure management, which despite its importance, has been largely underestimated. While improvements in the utilization of existing infrastructure in the water sector remain critical, it needs to be complemented by incentives to both service providers, and water users. Moreover, low economic, environmental, and social returns from investments in the water sector, reflect the tendency to distract attention from the objectives in the design, and implementation of projects. Thus, an assessment of water quality goals is required, which should be based on systematic evaluations of the costs, and benefits of reaching alternative standards, and explicit social objectives.

Abstract Assuring the quality of the supply of water for human consumption is important for public health, especially when delivery of the water is dependent on alternative means, such as tanker trucks. The major concern about this kind of water transport is the risk of contamination. This study therefore evaluated the bacteriological quality of water sold by water trucks that supply the city of Caruaru-PE, Brazil. Ten samples from five trucks were analyzed using the technique of multiple tubes for the identification of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and coliform, and the pour plate technique for counting heterotrophic bacteria was also used. The results revealed the presence of bacteria groups in most analyzed samples. Delivery time was a factor that increases the rate of contamination. It can be concluded that this type of delivery provides water that does not meet potability requirements and has a high risk of contamination, resulting in water that is unfit for human consumption. | Resumo A garantia do fornecimento de uma água de qualidade destinada ao consumo humano é uma questão relevante para a saúde pública, sobretudo quando a água ofertada é dependente de meios alternativos, como os chamados caminhões-pipa. Entretanto, a grande preocupação quanto a esse tipo de transporte de água está relacionada aos diversos riscos de contaminações que podem ocorrer. Assim, o presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a qualidade bacteriológica da água para consumo direto (ingestão) comercializada por caminhões-pipa, destinada ao abastecimento da cidade de Caruaru-PE. Foram analisadas 10 amostras, obtidas de cinco caminhões-pipa, por meio da Técnica dos Tubos Múltiplos, para a identificação de Pseudomonas aeruginosa e do grupo coliforme e, da técnica pour plate, para a contagem de bactérias heterotróficas. Os resultados revelaram a presença dos grupos bacterianos testados na maioria das amostras analisadas. Foi verificado que o tempo era um fator que contribuia para o aumento do índice de contaminação. Conclui-se que esse tipo de comércio acaba fornecendo uma água que não atende aos requisitos de potabilidade e com um alto risco de contaminação, sendo imprópria para o consumo humano.

Climate change is at the top of the development agenda in Central America. This region, together with the Caribbean, is highly vulnerable to the effects of climate change in Latin America. Climate change is manifesting itself through higher average temperatures and more frequent droughts that result in higher water stress, and through the rising frequency of extreme weather events such as tropical storms, hurricanes, floods and landslides, all of which pose significant challenges in the rural water supply and sanitation sector. The paper starts with a review of the historic data on temperature and precipitation trends in Central America and particularly at the regional level in Nicaragua. The data reveal a clear trend of the growing climate variability, increased water stress for crops, and greater frequency of extreme weather events. The rising intensity and frequency of ex-treme weather events is among the most critical risks to the region's development agenda, and they translate into high economic losses. This paper examines the impacts and implications of potential climate change on water resources in Nicaragua and makes key recommendations to integrate climate change and rural water supply and sanitation policies and programs in a way that increase resilience to current and future climate conditions. | 0

Procura-se identificar a viabilidade econômica de cinco sistemas de dessalinização por osmose reversa para o suprimento de água dessalinizada, para consumo humano, em comunidades rurais cearenses. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida no Estado do Ceará. Os dados primários foram coletados por meio de questionários e os secundários obtidos junto aos órgãos municipais e do estado. Usa-se a metodologia de análise de investimento, considerando-se o enfoque econômico. Conclui-se que a inexistência da boa prática de gestão dos sistemas resulta em inviabilidade econômica de alguns dessalinizadores, quando avaliados pelo consumo efetivo, principalmente daqueles de 400 e 600 litros/hora, gera ineficiências no acompanhamento técnico, impossibilita melhor análise da performance dos sistemas, acarreta oferta descontínua de água e desconforto das famílias beneficiárias. Em razão das limitações impostas pelos gestores, da baixa produção e dos defeitos que trazem paralisações constantes dos aparelhos, a demanda efetiva de água restringe-se à metade do que os sistemas são capazes de produzir.<br>This study aims to make the economic assessment of five Desalination Systems by Reverse Osmosis (RO) that are used to generate fresh water for human consumption in rural communities in the Ceará State. The data was gathered from primary source by questionnaire applied to governmental organizations. The method used was the analysis of investment taking into account shadow prices. We concluded that due to the inexistence of any good practices for the desalination management some equipment resulted in negative financing return when considering the effective consumption, particularly those of 400 and 600 liter/hour. In addition, they generated inefficiency regarding to technical support, turning impossible better improvement of the system performance, thus leading to insecure water supplies and unsatisfied demand. Given the limitations imposed by the managers, low production and system failures, which resulted in constant systems’ interruption, the effective demand of fresh water was restricted to the half of the working capacity of the system.

Procura-se identificar a viabilidade econômica de cinco sistemas de dessalinização por osmose reversa para o suprimento de água dessalinizada, para consumo humano, em comunidades rurais cearenses. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida no Estado do Ceará. Os dados primários foram coletados por meio de questionários e os secundários obtidos junto aos órgãos municipais e do estado. Usa-se a metodologia de análise de investimento, considerando-se o enfoque econômico. Conclui-se que a inexistência da boa prática de gestão dos sistemas resulta em inviabilidade econômica de alguns dessalinizadores, quando avaliados pelo consumo efetivo, principalmente daqueles de 400 e 600 litros/hora, gera ineficiências no acompanhamento técnico, impossibilita melhor análise da performance dos sistemas, acarreta oferta descontínua de água e desconforto das famílias beneficiárias. Em razão das limitações impostas pelos gestores, da baixa produção e dos defeitos que trazem paralisações constantes dos aparelhos, a demanda efetiva de água restringe-se à metade do que os sistemas são capazes de produzir. | This study aims to make the economic assessment of five Desalination Systems by Reverse Osmosis (RO) that are used to generate fresh water for human consumption in rural communities in the Ceará State. The data was gathered from primary source by questionnaire applied to governmental organizations. The method used was the analysis of investment taking into account shadow prices. We concluded that due to the inexistence of any good practices for the desalination management some equipment resulted in negative financing return when considering the effective consumption, particularly those of 400 and 600 liter/hour. In addition, they generated inefficiency regarding to technical support, turning impossible better improvement of the system performance, thus leading to insecure water supplies and unsatisfied demand. Given the limitations imposed by the managers, low production and system failures, which resulted in constant systems interruption, the effective demand of fresh water was restricted to the half of the working capacity of the system.

Between 1996 and 2005, natural catastrophic events had an estimated cost of US$575.2 billion world-wide. In particular, it has been observed that developing countries are relatively more affected by such events, since its gross domestic product (GDP) have showed sharper declines than developed countries' ratios. On August 15, 2007, an earthquake measuring 7.9 on the Richter scale shook the southern part of the central coast of Peru, with devastating consequences. Given the magnitude of the damage caused, one wonders how much less the cost of rehabilitating water and sanitation systems might have been if public investment projects and management of urban utilities (companies in charge of the water and sanitation provision), had incorporated disaster risk reduction measures. For this reason, and because this is a key public sector service for the wellbeing of population, the World Bank's water and sanitation program commissioned Apoyo Consultoria S.A.C. to conduct a research on the water and sanitation sector in order to attend the following inquiry: how much unpreparedness cost to the sector providing water and sanitation services? In other words, in economic terms, what will have been the gain to society or the reconstruction savings if risk prevention measures had been included in the management of services in the sector proposed for the analysis?

Considerando que: el Agua Potable es un recurso fundamental para la Salud Pública, que el acceso a agua potable para la población Colombiana aunque es reconocido como un derecho humano y constitucional sigue siendo restringido para las comunidades rurales, que no existen datos precisos sobre la cobertura en agua potable para la población rural y, que el gobierno expide una Política Pública por primera vez dirigida expresamente para suministrar agua potable a la población rural, se decide hacer la revisión de esta política consignada en el documento Conpes 3810 de 2014. La revisión de la Política para el suministro de agua potable en la zona rural se hace desde la perspectiva de cuatro elementos: El enfoque de la política como derecho humano y/o como servicio público, la justificación y el diagnóstico de la situación de agua potable de la población rural en Colombia para el diseño de la política pública, el enfoque de salud pública y, el análisis del contexto rural y la participación comunitaria. También se comenta sobre el enfoque intersectorial de la política. Al final del documento se entregan unas conclusiones y recomendaciones que el autor espera sean un aporte para la reglamentación, instrumentación e implementación de la política. | Magíster en Salud Pública | Maestría | Considering that: Potable water is a fundamental public health resource, access to clean water for the Colombian population although it is recognized as a constitutional human right remains restricted to rural communities, there are no precise data on coverage in drinking water for the rural population, the government issued a public policy for the first time expressly directed to supply drinking water to the rural population, it was decided to review this policy contained in the document Conpes 3810 of 2014. The review of the policy for the provision of potable water in rural areas is done from the perspective of four elements: The focus of politics as a human right and / or public service, justification and the diagnosis of the situation drinking water for the rural population in Colombia for the design of public policy, public health approach and analysis of the rural context and community participation. It also comments on the inter-sectoral policy approach. At the end of the document conclusions and recommendations that the author hopes will be a contribution to the regulation, instrumentation and implementation of the policy is delivered.

La Constitución Política de Colombia establece como una de las principales actividades del Estado, la solución de las necesidades básicas insatisfechas, entre las que está el acceso al servicio de agua potable, que es fundamental para la vida humana. Un adecuado abastecimiento de agua potable para consumo humano es necesario para evitar casos de morbilidad por enfermedades gastrointestinales. El municipio de Tocaima es uno de los que durante años ha presentado un déficit de agua potable para sus zonas rurales (Procuraduria , 2018 ). La población de la finca Las Marianas la cual se encuentra ubicada a 10 km de Tocaima entrando por vereda Santa Rosa, afirman que la alcaldía municipal como solución les hace entrega de agua potable a través de carrotanques, sin embargo, la población asegura que estos se demoran en llegar y en ocasiones no llegan. Con base a esta problemática se buscaron diferentes alternativas para suplir las necesidades básicas de la población, a través de tecnologías no convencionales las cuales son de bajo costo y de fácil operación. Se seleccionaron cuatro alternativas (Cosecha de agua lluvia, Aguas subterráneas, Aguas superficiales y Carrotanques) las cuales fueron enfrentadas por medio de una matriz Multicriterio la cual es adecuada para la toma de decisiones teniendo en cuenta las necesidades del usuario. Al realizar la matriz Multicriterio se obtuvo como resultado que la alternativa de cosecha de agua lluvia era la más adecuada para la finca Las Marianas, esta alternativa será capaz de suplir las necesidades de consumo de agua potable, el lavado y preparación de los alimentos, sin embargo, se demostró que esta alternativa gracias a las condiciones meteorológicas será capaz de proveer una mayor cantidad de agua la cual se recomienda que se destine para otras actividades de la finca. | Ingeniero Ambiental | Pregrado | The Political Constitution of Colombia establishes as one of the main activities of the State, the solution of unsatisfied basic needs, among which is access to drinking water service, which is essential for human life. An adequate supply of drinking water for human consumption is necessary to avoid cases of morbidity from gastrointestinal diseases. The municipality of Tocaima is one of those that for years has presented a drinking water deficit for its rural areas (Procuraduria, 2018). The population of the Las Marianas farm, which is located 10 km from Tocaima entering through the Santa Rosa path, affirm that the municipal government as a solution delivers drinking water through tank trucks, however, the population ensures that these are they take time to arrive and sometimes they do not arrive. Based on this problem, different alternatives were sought to supply the basic needs of the population, through unconventional technologies which are low cost and easy to operate. Four alternatives were selected (Rainwater Harvest, Groundwater, Surface Water and Tank Carriers) which were confronted by means of a Multicriteria matrix which is suitable for decision-making considering the user's needs. When carrying out the Multicriteria matrix, it was obtained as a result that the rainwater harvesting alternative was the most suitable for the Las Marianas farm, this alternative will be able to supply the needs of drinking water consumption, washing and food preparation, without However, it was shown that this alternative, thanks to the meteorological conditions, will be able to provide a greater quantity of water, which is recommended for other activities on the farm.

Este documento presenta el informe final de pasantía, la cual, fue desarrollado en la Unidad de Servicios Penitenciarios y Carcelarios, en la Dirección de infraestructura, con el fin, de apoyar en la gestión técnica y administrativa de los sistemas de tratamiento de agua potable y residual, para los establecimientos de reclusión del orden nacional (ERON) a cargo del Instituto Nacional Penitenciario y Carcelario (INPEC). En el cuerpo del informe se presenta información referente a: (1) contratos de obra e interventoría, (2) anexos técnicos, (3) resultados de laboratorio para agua potable y agua residual a partir del cumplimiento de la resolución 2115 de 2007 y 0631 de 2015, respectivamente, (4) matriz de presupuestos y análisis de precios. Por otro lado, dentro de la ejecución de las actividades, se presentan los resultados obtenidos del apoyo realizado a: (1) revisión y organización de los expedientes con su respectiva trazabilidad, (2) supervisión de los contratos de obra e interventoría, (3) elaboración de la matriz de presupuesto, (4) realización de los análisis de precios unitarios. Finalmente, se presentan las conclusiones y recomendaciones para la entidad. | This document presents the final internship report, which was developed in the Penitentiary and Prison Services Unit, in the Infrastructure Directorate, in order to support the technical and administrative management of the drinking water treatment systems and residual, for the prison establishments of the national order (in spanish: ERON) in charge of the National Penitentiary and Prison Institute (in spanish: INPEC). In the body of the report, reference information is presented: (1) construction and intervention contracts, (2) technical annexes, (3) laboratory results for drinking water and wastewater, taking into account compliance with resolution 2115 of 2007 and 0631 of 2015, respectively, (4) budget matrix and price analysis. On the other hand, within the execution of the activities, the results obtained from the support provided to: (1) review and organization of the files with their respective traceability, (2) supervision of the works contracts and auditing, (3) preparation of the budget matrix, (4) performance of unit price analyses. Finally, the conclusions and recommendations for the entity are presented.